The use of tall smokestacks to reduce local pollution has contributed to the spread of acid rain by releasing gases into regional atmospheric circulation.

The Watt steam engine was the first type of steam engine to make use of steam at a pressure just above atmospheric to drive the piston helped by a partial vacuum.

Air-breathing combustion engines are combustion engines that use the oxygen in atmospheric air to oxidise (' burn ') the fuel carried, rather than carrying an oxidiser, as in a rocket.

In basic chemistry scientists are typically interested in experiments conducted at atmospheric pressure, and for reaction energy calculations they care about the total energy in such conditions, and therefore typically need to use H. Furthermore the enthalpy is the working horse of engineering thermodynamics as we will see later.

This last is one of the few films of this kind to use atmospheric insert shots to heighten the mood.

Because of the danger of exploding boilers, which were in a very primitive stage of development, and the ongoing issues with leaks, Watt restricted his use of high pressure steam – all of his engines used steam at near atmospheric pressure.

Newer wood drying technologies have included the use of reduced atmospheric pressure to attempt to speed up the drying process.

Some standard values of atmospheric pressure such as 101. 325 kPa or 100 kPa have been defined, and some instruments use one of these standard values as a constant zero reference instead of the actual variable ambient air pressure.

Thus jet engines, with a better match between speed and jet exhaust speed ( such as turbofans )— in spite of their worse )— dominate for subsonic and supersonic atmospheric use, while rockets work best at hypersonic speeds.

To achieve the atmospheric scenes in Bickle's cab, the sound men would get in the trunk and Scorsese and his cinematographer, Michael Chapman, would fit themselves on the back seat floor and use available light to shoot.

Aircraft use thermometers and hygrometers to determine if atmospheric icing conditions exist along their flight path, and these measurements are used to initialize weather forecast models.

Their reliance on atmospheric oxygen makes them unsuitable for use underwater, at high altitude or in adverse weather.

It would use a high mass-flow nitrogen coolant near normal atmospheric pressures.

Enterprise, which was used for atmospheric test flights but not for orbital flight, had many parts taken out for use on the other orbiters.

In the 1970s, though, the compounds were found to be reacting with atmospheric ozone, an important protection against solar ultraviolet radiation, and their use as a refrigerant worldwide was curtailed in the Montreal Protocol of 1987.

The most talked-about use of climate models in recent years has been to project temperature changes resulting from increases in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.

Different balls are provided for varying temperature and atmospheric conditions and standards of play: more experienced players use slow balls that have less bounce than those used by less experienced players ( slower balls tend to ' die ' in court corners, rather than ' standing up ' to allow easier shots ).

However, atmospheric nitrogen has limited availability for biological use, leading to a scarcity of usable nitrogen in many types of ecosystems.

# Industrial N-fixation: Under great pressure, at a temperature of 600 C, and with the use of an iron catalyst, hydrogen ( usually derived from natural gas or petroleum ) and atmospheric nitrogen can be combined to form ammonia ( NH < sub > 3 </ sub >) in the Haber-Bosch process which is used to make fertilizer and explosives.

Papin's ideas included a description of his 1690 atmospheric steam engine, similar to that built and put into use by Thomas Newcomen in 1712, thought to be the year of Papin's death.

Because of its symmetrical shape, Vanguard 1 was used by experimenters for use in determining upper atmospheric densities as a function of altitude, latitude, season, and solar activity.

In working towards the global and regional objectives of the mission, numerous scientific disciplines currently use the data acquired from the different sensors on the satellite, to study such things as atmospheric chemistry, ozone depletion, biological oceanography, ocean temperature and colour, wind waves, hydrology ( humidity, floods ), agriculture and arboriculture, natural hazards, digital elevation modelling ( using interferometry ), monitoring of maritime traffic, atmospheric dispersion modelling ( pollution ), cartography and study of snow and ice.

Phenomena of climatological interest include the atmospheric boundary layer, circulation patterns, heat transfer ( radiative, convective and latent ), interactions between the atmosphere and the oceans and land surface ( particularly vegetation, land use and topography ), and the chemical and physical composition of the atmosphere.

The best known of these, the science fiction films It Came from Outer Space, Tarantula, Creature from the Black Lagoon and The Incredible Shrinking Man, are noted for their atmospheric black-and-white cinematography and unusually sophisticated scripts.

Based on the Jackson Budd novel A Convict has Escaped, the black-and-white film was directed by Alberto Cavalcanti ( credited as just Cavalcanti ) with brooding and atmospheric cinematography by noted cameraman Otto Heller.

His review adds, "... the movie does have much to recommend, from Joseph La Shelle's atmospheric, black-and-white cinematography to Preminger's taut direction to the juicy, hard-boiled dialogue.

However, the resultant screenplay ( by Bava, Ennio De Concini and Mario Serandrei ) in fact owed very little to Gogol at all, and seemed to be more a tribute to the atmospheric black-and-white gothic horror films of the 1930s, especially those produced by Universal Studios.

" Allmovie has noted, " Generally considered to be the foremost example of Italian gothic horror, this darkly atmospheric black-and-white chiller put director Mario Bava on the international map ...

It is particularly remembered for its atmospheric cinematography, performances, and unique musical score.

The film is notable for Joseph H. August's atmospheric cinematography, capturing the lead character's obsession with Jennie, amongst the environs of a wintry New York.

Bolometric magnitude corresponds to luminosity, expressed in magnitude units ; that is, after taking into account all electromagnetic wavelengths, including those unobserved due to instrumental pass-band, the Earth's atmospheric absorption, or extinction by interstellar dust.

He determined the dependence of the boiling of water with atmospheric pressure which was accurate even by modern day standards.

In large, atmospheric panoramas of the countryside, the highlights on a blade of meadow grass, the mane of a tranquil horse, the horn of a dairy cow reclining by a stream, or the tip of a peasant's hat are all caught in a bath of yellow ocher light.

These were due to an enormous amount of exceedingly fine dust blown to a great height by the volcano's explosion, and then globally diffused by the high atmospheric currents.

This new design was licensed by the British, who produced ball point pens for RAF aircrew as the Biro ; they found they worked much better than fountain pens at high altitude, the latter being prone to ink-leakage in the decreased atmospheric pressure.

* Recent ( 2011 ) research by Santer on separating signal and noise in atmospheric temperature changes

Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.

* The small calorie or gram calorie ( symbol: cal ) approximates the energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 ° C at standard atmospheric pressure ().

The energy needed to increase the temperature of a given mass of water by 1 ° C at atmospheric pressure depends on the starting temperature and is difficult to measure precisely.

The relatively low levels of water were later confirmed by Galileo's atmospheric probe, which explored Jupiter's atmosphere directly.

Rainforests are widely believed by laymen to contribute a significant amount of world's oxygen, although it is now accepted by scientists that rainforests contribute little net oxygen to the atmosphere and deforestation has only a minor effect on atmospheric oxygen levels .< ref > Broeker, Wallace S. ( 2006 ).

This technique is also very useful for compounds which boil beyond their decomposition temperature at atmospheric pressure and which would therefore be decomposed by any attempt to boil them under atmospheric pressure.

This roughly translates into needing around ten thousand times atmospheric pressure to reduce the volume of a substance by one percent.

The Gaia hypothesis states that there is an emergent feedback loop generated by the metabolism of living organisms that maintains the temperature of the Earth and atmospheric conditions within a narrow self-regulating range of tolerance.

It is now home to the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, a research institute jointly operated by Columbia and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration dedicated to atmospheric and climate science.

The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions.

" Pressing times to the desired density could vary by factor of three depending on the atmospheric humidity.

The spacecraft measured the atmospheric composition of Jupiter and directly observed ammonia clouds, which seem to be created by an outflow from the lower depths of Jupiter's atmosphere.

Low partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen such as found at high altitude or by reduced replacement of oxygen in the breathing mix.