In baseball statistics, on-base percentage ( OBP ; sometimes referred to as on-base average / OBA, as the statistic is rarely presented as a true percentage ) is a measure of how often a batter reaches base for any reason other than a fielding error, fielder's choice, dropped / uncaught third strike, fielder's obstruction, or catcher's interference ( the latter two are ignored as either times-on-base ( TOB ) or plate appearances in calculating OBP ).

The mean squared error of is defined as the expected value ( probability-weighted average, over all samples ) of the squared errors ; that is,

The latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count.

This is called gating error and causes an average error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1 /( 2 T < sub > m </ sub >), or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1 /( 2 f T < sub > m </ sub >) where T < sub > m </ sub > is the timing interval and f is the measured frequency.

The accuracy of the pyramid's workmanship is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only 58 millimetres in length.

It operates at a maximum physical layer bit rate of 54 Mbit / s exclusive of forward error correction codes, or about 22 Mbit / s average throughput.

Kepler calculated and recalculated various approximations of Mars ' orbit using an equant ( the mathematical tool that Copernicus had eliminated with his system ), eventually creating a model that generally agreed with Tycho's observations to within two arcminutes ( the average measurement error ).

A commonly used cost is the mean-squared error, which tries to minimize the average squared error between the network's output, f ( x ), and the target value y over all the example pairs.

It gives the co-ordinates in 1900 epoch, the secular variation, the proper motion, the weighted average absolute parallax and its standard error, the number of parallax observations, quality of interagreement of the different values, the visual magnitude and various cross-identifications with other catalogues.

where the average is taken over observation time τ, the y ( t ) is the fractional frequency error at time t and τ is the observation time.

In that case, the term standard error is properly applied: the precision of the average is equal to the known standard deviation of the process divided by the square root of the number of measurements averaged.

Considering all possible multi-level and multi-phase encoding techniques, the Shannon – Hartley theorem states the channel capacity C, meaning the theoretical tightest upper bound on the information rate ( excluding error correcting codes ) of clean ( or arbitrarily low bit error rate ) data that can be sent with a given average signal power S through an analog communication channel subject to additive white Gaussian noise of power N, is:

The disadvantage of this encoding method is that the average bitrate ( and hence file size ) will not be known ahead of time, and achieving a certain average bitrate requires trial and error.

According to The Vanguard Group, a well run S & P 500 index fund should have a tracking error of 5 basis points or less, but a Morningstar survey found an average of 38 basis points across all index funds.

The corresponding average over non-flux-adjusted models forms a similar error pattern ( with somewhat increased amplitude ) over land.

Once the outcome of the next measurement ( necessarily corrupted with some amount of error, including random noise ) is observed, these estimates are updated using a weighted average, with more weight being given to estimates with higher certainty.

Most older estimates of average timing of menarche were based on observation of a small homogeneous population not necessarily representative of the larger population, or based on recall by adult women, which is also susceptible to various forms of error.

It follows from the above formulas for the errors of the midpoint and trapezoidal rule that the leading error term vanishes if we take the weighted average

Using another approximation ( for example, the trapezoidal rule with twice as many points ), it is possible to take a suitable weighted average and eliminate another error term.

Nostalgic Yankee readers of Erskine Caldwell are today informed by proud Georgians that Tobacco Road is buried beneath a four-lane super highway, over which travel each day suburbanite businessmen more concerned with the Dow-Jones average than with the cotton crop.

The average Democratic politician, especially in the country districts, is hungry for the spoils of office.

The national average is more than $4 and that figure is considered by experts in the mental health field to be too low.

Carbondale is in the Herrin-Murphysboro-West Frankfort labor market, where unemployment has been substantially higher than the national average.

But for the average citizen, unfortunately, this is one of science's worst-marked channels, full of tricky currents and unknown depths.

I am firmly convinced that considering the average quality of teachers in this country, the profession is grossly overpaid.

Of these states the average `` change-over '' point ( at which a car is substituted for allowances ) is 13,200 miles per year.

The average of states' rates is $.076 per mile.

Rhode Island's rate of $.07 per mile is considerably lower than reimburseable rates in the federal government and in industry nationally which approximate a $.09 per mile average.

Such payments shall be made to small domestic producers of lead as long as the market price for common lead at New York, New York, as determined by the Secretary, is below 14-1/2 cents per pound, and such payments shall be 75 per centum of the difference between 14-1/2 cents per pound and the average market price for the month in which the sale occurred as determined by the Secretary.

Such payments shall be made to small domestic producers of zinc as long as the market price for prime western zinc at East Saint Louis, Illinois, as determined by the Secretary, is below 14-1/2 cents per pound, and such payments shall be 55 per centum of the difference between 14-1/2 cents per pound and the average market price for the month in which the sale occurred as determined by the Secretary.

With respect to nighttime assignments, the degree of skywave service and interference is determined by skywave curves ( figs. 1 and 2 of sec. 3.190 of the rules ) giving average skywave values.

The minimum cost for an average one-story, 7-room house with basement, is likely to run $1500 above the cost of the heating alone.

This is if outdoor temperatures have a high average of 95 degrees.

You'll need more if the high average is above that, less if it's below.

On this first venture the central storage is 20,000 gallons, in two tanks, or an average of 400 gallons for each of the 50 homes.

The average charge for this additional insurance coverage is roughly $1.00 a day.

It is well to bear in mind that gasoline will cost from $.80 to $.90 for the equivalent of a United States gallon and while you might prefer a familiar Ford, Chevrolet or even a Cadillac, which are available in some countries, it is probably wiser to choose the smaller European makes which average thirty, thirty-five and even forty miles to the gallon.

Your chauffeur's expenses will average between $7.00 to $12.00 a day, but this charge is the same whether you rent a 7-passenger Cadillac limousine or a 4-passenger Peugeot or Fiat 1800.

Since most European cars average more miles per gallon of gasoline than American cars, it naturally follows that the cost per kilometer for these models will be less, but the greater seating capacity of the large American cars will equalize this, provided your group is sufficiently large to fill a 7-passenger limousine.

The ratio of the measured antenna temperature change during a drift scan across the moon to the average brightness temperature of the moon over the antenna beam ( assuming that the brightness temperature of the sky is negligible ) was found, by graphical integration of the antenna directivity diagram, to be 0.85.

If one assumes that the average flux did not change between measurements, a mass-distribution curve is obtained which relates the flux of particles larger than a given radius to the inverse 7/2 power of the radius.