Frederick's further attempts to rule over the Kingdom of Jerusalem were met by resistance on the part of the barons, led by John of Ibelin, Lord of Beirut.

The barons chose John of Brienne ( titular king of the Kingdom of Jerusalem ) as emperor-regent for life ; Baldwin was to rule the Asiatic possessions of the empire when he reached the age of twenty.

Destined originally for a clerical career, he had preferred to become a knight, and in forty years of tournaments and fights he had won himself a considerable reputation, when in 1208 envoys came from the Holy Land to ask Philip Augustus, king of France, to select one of his barons as husband to the heiress and ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Disgusted, Raymond of Tripoli watched as his fellow poulain barons hastened to Jerusalem to make obeisance to King Guy and Queen Sibylla.

To Richard's consternation, the barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem unanimously elected Conrad as King.

He participated in the Siege of Damascus, led by his wife's half-brother Baldwin III of Jerusalem, and with the support of Baldwin, Louis VII of France, and Conrad III of Germany, he lay claim to Damascus ; the native crusader barons preferred one of their own nobles, Guy Brisebarre, lord of Beirut, but in any case the siege was a failure and all parties returned home.

Frederick wanted to become regent of Jerusalem but the barons were against this idea.

During the following summer King Amalric II of Jerusalem intervened ; accompanied by the papal legate, cardinal Sofred of Saint-Praxedis, the masters of the Hospital and the Temple, and the high barons of the kingdom, he induced Leo to grant a short truce.

He claimed the throne of Jerusalem through her, with the support of the Ibelins and other barons.

As lord of Nablus, Philip became one of the most influential barons in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

While several contemporary European states were moving towards centralized monarchies, the king of Jerusalem was continually losing power to the strongest of his barons.

This probably occurred when king Henry, John's first cousin, became regent of Jerusalem, and distributed continental lands to his Cypriot barons to create a loyal base there.

Also important on its own, although found in the Livre au Roi, Philip, and John, is the Assise sur la ligece, a law promulgated by Amalric I of Jerusalem in the 1170s, which effectively made every lord in the kingdom a direct vassal of the king and gave equal voting rights to rear-vassals as much as the greater barons.

When his brother Henry became unpopular in Cyprus, Amalric overthrew him with the aid of the Knights Templar and some of the barons, assuming the titles of " Governor and Rector " and Regent of Cyprus and Titular Regent of Jerusalem on April 26, 1306.

The Scots had found a new leader in William Wallace, and Edward's yearly expeditions across the Border called for evermounting taxes, which only increased his difficulties with the barons and the clergy.

As the Neapolitans had called for the French, Alfonso decided to intervene and, with the support of several barons of the kingdom, captured Capua and besieged the important sea fortress of Gaeta.

This was because in 1448, while Skanderbeg was victoriously fighting off the Turkish invasions, three military columns, commanded by Demetrio Reres along with his sons Giorgio and Basilio, were dispatched to help Alfonso V defeat the barons of Naples who had rebelled against him.

During 1228, Andrew's two sons started again to take back the former royal domains in their provinces, and they persuaded Andrew to confiscate the estates of the barons who had taken part in the conspiracy against their mother.

There are 39 names ( eight earls and thirty one barons ) at the start of the document, all of whom may have had their seals appended, probably over the space of some weeks and months, with nobles sending in their seals to be used.

At the Battle of Lewes in 1264, the rebellious barons, led by Simon de Montfort, had defeated the royal army and taken King Henry III captive.

Still without a son and in danger of being left with no male heir, facing substantial opposition to Eleanor from many of his barons and her own desire for divorce, Louis had no choice but to bow to the inevitable.

Henry had been the recipient of great pressure from many of his barons in Germany over his conflict with the pope.

Theodore Roosevelt, then a member of the Assembly, said that he had initially voted for the bill believing it was wrong, but wishing to punish the unscrupulous railroad barons.

Matilda ’ s father, Henry I, had required the leading barons, ecclesiastics and officials in Normandy and England, to take an oath to accept Matilda as his heir.

Over the course of his reign a combination of higher taxes, unsuccessful wars and conflict with the Pope had made King John unpopular with his barons, and in 1215 some of the most important decided to rebel against him.

Because he had sealed under duress, however, John received approval from the Pope to break his word as soon as hostilities had ceased, provoking the First Barons ' War and an invited French invasion by Prince Louis of France ( whom the majority of the English barons had invited to replace John on the throne and had him proclaimed king in London in May 1216 ).

Despite his claim to unique authority within England, John would sometimes justify his actions on the basis that he had taken council with the barons.

From Henry II onwards, ira et malevolentia had come to describe the right of the king to express his anger and displeasure at particular barons or clergy, building on the Norman concept of malevoncia – royal ill-will.

Tensions between John and the barons had been growing for several years, as demonstrated by the 1212 plot against the king.

The northern barons rarely had any personal stake in the conflict in France, and many of them owed large sums of money to John ; the revolt has been characterised as " a rebellion of the king's debtors ".

Nonetheless, when John left for Poitou in February 1214, many barons refused to provide military service ; mercenary knights had to fill the gaps.

Letters of support from the pope arrived in April but by then the rebel barons had organised.

The rebel barons responded by inviting Prince Louis of France to lead them: Louis had a claim to the English throne by virtue of his marriage to Blanche of Castile, a granddaughter of Henry II.

A deputation of leading barons led by Bishop Orleton was then sent to Kenilworth to first persuade Edward to resign and, when that failed, to inform him that he had been deposed as king.

Over the course of his reign a combination of higher taxes, unsuccessful wars that resulted in the loss of English barons ' titled possessions in Normandy following the Battle of Bouvines ( 1214 ), and an ongoing conflict with the Pope Innocent III had made King John unpopular with many of his barons.

: Earls and barons shall be fined only by their equals, and in proportion to the gravity of their offence.

The Magna Carta being forgotten after a succession of benevolent reigns ( or, more probably, reigns limited by the jury and the barons, and only under the rule of laws that the juries and barons found acceptable ), the kings, through the royal judges, began to extend their control over the jury and the kingdom.

Innocent obliged ; he declared the charter " not only shameful and demeaning, but illegal and unjust " and excommunicated the rebel barons.

When the protagonists are captured and imprisoned by a Norman baron, Scott interrupts the story to exclaim: It is grievous to think that those valiant barons, to whose stand against the crown the liberties of England were indebted for their existence, should themselves have been such dreadful oppressors, and capable of excesses contrary not only to the laws of England, but to those of nature and humanity.

Theobald then agreed to the Normans ' proposal that he be made king, only to find that his former support immediately ebbed away: the barons were not prepared to support the division of England and Normandy by opposing Stephen.

As regards Fulk the Young we know only a few isolated facts and dates: about 1109 Doué and L ' Île Bouchard were taken ; in 1112 Brissac was besieged, and about the same time Eschivard of Preuilly subdued ; in 1114 there was a general war against the barons who were in revolt, and in 1118 a fresh rising, which was put down after the siege of Montbazon: in 1123 the lord of Doué revolted, and in 1124 Montreuil-Bellay was taken after a siege of nine weeks.

When Prince Alexander died on 28 January 1284, leaving only the king's granddaughter Margaret living out of his descendants, Alexander III summoned all thirteen Earls of Scotland, twenty-four barons and the heads of the three main Gaelic kindreds of the West, Alexander of Argyll, Aonghas Mór of Islay and Alan MacRuari of Garmoran.

Though supported only by the towns and a few of the younger barons, he triumphed by superior generalship at the Battle of Lewes on 14 May 1264, where the king, Prince Edward, and Richard of Cornwall fell into his hands.

Writers of the period referred to these practices as " unjust tolls ," and not only did the robber barons thereby violate the prerogatives of the Holy Roman Emperor, they also went outside of the society's behavioural norms, since merchants were bound both by law and religious custom to charge a " just price " for their wares.

" Within a century of the Norman Conquest of 1066, as in the case of Thomas Becket in 1164, there arose the practice of sending to each greater baron a personal summons demanding his attendance at the King's Council, which evolved into the Parliament and later into the House of Lords, whilst as was stipulated in Magna Carta of 1215, the lesser barons of each county would receive a single summons as a group through the sheriff, and representatives only from their number would be elected to attend on behalf of the group.

Theobald then agreed to the Normans ' proposal that he be made king, only to find that his former support immediately ebbed away: the barons were not prepared to support the division of England and Normandy by opposing Stephen.

The king had recognised that the right to rule came not only from God but also from the common counsel of the barons.

In families introduced after 1809 only the head of the family is called count, the rest had a status similar to barons and were called by the equivalent of Mr / Ms / Mrs, before the use of titles was abolished.

The barons in Brittany did not feel that they were in any way vassals of the duke, owing him service in exchange for their lands, and only attended the ducal courts when they felt it was in their own interests to do so.

In practice, however, under Henry III ( reigned 1216 – 1272 ), scutage rates usually amounted to three marcs, but required the assent of the barons, and levies occurred only on adequate occasions.

* 333 Hereditary barons of the United Kingdom and of Ireland created after 1801, and barons for life of the United Kingdom ( ordered according to date of creation ; Lord Chalfont is the only baron for life who outranks hereditary barons ( four ) in seniority of creation ), excepting:

Scottish feudal lordship Scottish feudal barons sat in Parliament by virtue ( and only by virtue ) of holding their lands ' per baroniam ', that is as barons.

Raoul then asked to receive the city of Tyre, on behalf of her regency, but Philip of Montfort, Lord of Tyre preferred to keep it to increase his stronghold of Toron, and supported by other barons, made it clear to Raoul that the title of regent was only symbolic.

David Hume wrote, " It is remarkable that this family of d ' Arcy seems to be the only male descendant of any of the Conqueror's barons now remaining among the Peers.

His only son by Alice, Hethum, had died before 1331 ; the barons elected his cousin Guy of Lusignan to succeed him.