Synthetic amethyst is produced by gamma-ray, x-ray or electron beam irradiation of clear quartz which has been first doped with ferric impurities.

Another way to state this is that the emitting object may have a transverse velocity with respect to the observer, but any light beam emitted from it which reaches the observer, cannot, for it must have been previously emitted in such a direction that its transverse component has been " corrected " for.

It has a means to accelerate and deflect the electron beam onto the fluorescent screen to create the images.

As it expands, the nozzle collimates the gas into a uniform supersonic beam that is essentially collision free and has a temperature that, in the centre of mass frame, can be significantly below that of the reservoir gas.

The resulting beam has a larger aperture, and hence a lower divergence.

Ion implantation was developed as a method of producing the p-n junction of photovoltaic devices in the late 1970s and early 1980s, along with the use of pulsed-electron beam for rapid annealing, although it has not to date been used for commercial production.

A beam produced by a thermal or other incoherent light source has an instantaneous amplitude and phase which vary randomly with respect to time and position, and thus a very short coherence length.

Electron beam lithography has the disadvantage of being much slower than photolithography.

When it is turned on, the copper has three states ; either reading an instruction, executing it, or waiting for a specific video beam position.

* The SKIP instruction will skip the following copper instruction if a given beam position has already been reached.

When the reflector is moving at right angle to the radar beam, it has no relative velocity.

If the surface has any transparent or translucent properties, it refracts a portion of the light beam into itself in a different direction while absorbing some ( or all ) of the spectrum ( and possibly altering the color ).

This has the advantage of offering more control of the exposure than traditional electron beam lithography.

Each rifle has a laser beam that kills instantly and is designed for a three-fingered grip.

The electron beam, which typically has an energy ranging from 0. 2 keV to 40 keV, is focused by one or two condenser lenses to a spot about 0. 4 nm to 5 nm in diameter.

** A Sentinel Controller with eye beams, punch, stomp, an enhanced version of the palm beam, rockets, and a wave that nullifies mutant powers ( this version has a blue head and its body is blue and purple )

The incoming X-ray beam has a polarization and should be represented as a vector wave ; however, for simplicity, let it be represented here as a scalar wave.

Jordin Kare has proposed a variant to this whereby a " beam " of small laser accelerated light sails would transfer momentum to a magsail vehicle.

If the beam has been collimated using a lens or other focusing element, the divergence expected can be calculated from two parameters: the diameter,, of the narrowest point on the beam before the lens, and the focal length of the lens,.

In the observations at 4.3 mm ( Coates, 1959 ), the diameter of the antenna beam, 6'.7, was small enough to allow resolution of some of the larger features of the lunar surface, and contour diagrams have been made of the lunar brightness distribution at three lunar phases.

Very recently, observations have been made at 8-mm wave length with a reflector 22 meters in diameter with a resultant beam width of only about 2' ( Amenitskii, Noskova, and Salomonovich, 1960 ).

The light beam from a distant object cannot itself have any transverse velocity component, or it could not ( by definition ) be seen by the observer, since it would miss the observer.

Focused into a 20 ° beam, it will have an intensity of around 18 000 cd.

An electron beam can be used to supplement the treatment of areas that have been irradiated by X-rays.

The energy of the ions, as well as the ion species and the composition of the target determine the depth of penetration of the ions in the solid: A monoenergetic ion beam will generally have a broad depth distribution.

) Lights have many parameters including light intensity, beam size, light color, and the texture cast by the light.

Typically, structures made of CMUs will have the top course of blocks in the walls filled with concrete and tied together with steel reinforcement to form a bond beam.

The photons of a light beam have a characteristic energy proportional to the frequency of the light.

Most CRT monitors do not have a fixed beam sweep rate, meaning they do not have a native resolution at all-instead they have a set of resolutions that are equally well supported.

Symmetric parabolic antennas produce a narrow " pencil " beam in both the X and Y dimensions and consequently have a higher gain.

Due to the very narrow electron beam, SEM micrographs have a large depth of field yielding a characteristic three-dimensional appearance useful for understanding the surface structure of a sample.

SEMs may have condenser and objective lenses, but their function is to focus the beam to a spot, and not to image the specimen.

The lower end of the noose I run through a pulley fixed to a beam in the room so that I may raise or lower the cadaver as it hangs there or turn around in any direction to suit my purpose ; ... You must take care not to put the noose around the neck, unless some of the muscles connected to the occipital bone have already been cut away.

Tubes have different functions, such as cathode ray tubes which create a beam of electrons for display purposes ( such as the television picture tube ) in addition to more specialized functions such as electron microscopy and electron beam lithography.

Crystals may yield good data in the x-ray beam longer because x-ray damage may be reduced during data collection and because the solvent may evaporate more slowly, which for example may be important for large biochemical molecules whose crystals often have a high percentage of water.

Modern designs tend to have a very wide beam and a flat bottom aft, to provide buoyancy preventing an excessive heel angle and to promote surfing and planning.

While the house had long been claimed to have been built circa 1640 ( and being the oldest wood-framed house in North America ), core samples of wood taken from a summer beam confirmed the wood was from an oak tree felled in 1637-8.

In other cases the forces may be distributed among a large number of members, as in a truss, or not clearly discernible to a casual observer as in a box beam.

In modern times, beam bridges can range from small, wooden beams to large, steel boxes.

These walls cantilever loads ( like a beam ) to a large, structural footing ; converting horizontal pressures from behind the wall to vertical pressures on the ground below.

Or they can be launched into a beam of very low divergence in order to concentrate their power at a large distance.

Temporal ( or longitudinal ) coherence implies a polarized wave at a single frequency whose phase is correlated over a relatively large distance ( the coherence length ) along the beam.

After being developed, the plate showed a large number of well-defined spots arranged in a pattern of intersecting circles around the spot produced by the central beam.

Beam diameter is usually used to characterize electromagnetic beams in the optical regime, and occasionally in the microwave regime, that is, cases in which the aperture from which the beam emerges is very large with respect to the wavelength.

Beam divergence is often used to characterize electromagnetic beams in the optical regime, for cases in which the aperture from which the beam emerges is very large with respect to the wavelength.

In telecommunication and astronomy, forward scatter is the deflection — by diffraction, nonhomogeneous refraction, or nonspecular reflection by particulate matter of dimensions that are large with respect to the wavelength in question but small with respect to the beam diameter — of a portion of an incident electromagnetic wave, in such a manner that the energy so deflected propagates in a direction that is within 90 ° of the direction of propagation of the incident wave ( i. e., the phase angle is greater than 90 °).

To keep a laser beam very well collimated, it must have a large diameter.

Unlike the bidirectional W8JK designs, the ZL Special is essentially a unidirectional beam ; the polar plots of the ZL special and the HB9CV are heart shaped ( cardioid ), while the typical Yagi antenna has a large forward lobe and a smaller back lobe.

A planar array provides a large aperture and may be used for directional beam control by varying the relative phase of each element.

Reflective array antennas usually have many driven elements working in conjunction with a flat, electrically large reflecting surface to produce a unidirectional beam, increasing antenna gain and reducing radiation in unwanted directions.

a beam will reflect a very large number of times with little attenuation.

In some fictional realities, shields can block tractor beams, or the generators can be disabled by sending a large amount of energy back up the beam to its source.

This means that if a small spaceship applies a tractor beam to a large object such as a planet, the ship will be drawn towards the planet, rather than vice versa.

Of the 22 buildings excavated three were sunken huts, 17 are rectangular founded on individual post holes, one is represented by post holes between which are beam slots, and one by eight single large posts.

Electron beam tomography is a specific form of CT in which a large enough X-ray tube is constructed so that only the path of the electrons, traveling between the cathode and anode of the X-ray tube, are spun using deflection coils.

The addition of a tie beam creates a triangular shape, although this beam can sometimes sag if the overall truss is too large.