In general, benzodiazepines are safe and effective in the short term, although cognitive impairments and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition occasionally occur.

Mainstream CBT helps individuals replace " maladaptive ... coping skills, cognitions, emotions and behaviors with more adaptive ones ", by challenging an individual's way of thinking and the way that he / she reacts to certain habits or behaviors, but there is still controversy about the degree to which these traditional cognitive elements account for the effects seen with CBT over and above the earlier behavioral elements such as exposure and skills training.

Studies by Jeff Madura, Ray Sturm and others have demonstrated significant behavioral effects in stocks and exchange traded funds.

Among other topics, quantitative behavioral finance studies behavioral effects together with the non-classical assumption of the finiteness of assets.

They are trained and equipped to modify physical disease states and the actual cytoarchitecture and functioning of the central nervous and related systems using psychological and pharmacological techniques ( when allowed by statute ), and to provide prevention for the progression of disease having to do with poor personal and life-style choices and conceptualization, behavioral patterns, and chronic exposure to the effects of negative thinking, choosing, attitudes, and negative contexts.

Behavioral pharmacology, also referred to as psychopharmacology, is an interdisciplinary field which studies behavioral effects of psychoactive drugs.

Due to the disruption in daytime cognitive state, behavioral effects are also present.

To disentangle the effects of genes and environment, behavioral geneticists perform adoption and twin studies.

Some of the effects associated with divorce include academic, behavioral, and psychological problems.

Psychoactive drugs exert their sensory and behavioral effects almost entirely through action on neurotransmitters, and modifying one or more aspects of synaptic transmission.

Iversen ( 2000 ) categorized the subjective and behavioral effects often associated with marijuana into four stages.

Amphetamines tend to cause the same behavioral and subjective effects of cocaine.

Confirmation biases are effects in information processing, distinct from the behavioral confirmation effect, also called " self-fulfilling prophecy ", in which people's expectations affect their behaviour to make the expectations come true.

The findings of behavioral alteration in rats and mice have led some scientists to speculate that Toxoplasma may have similar effects in humans.

The evidence for behavioral effects on humans is controversial.

Studies investigating the effects of active sleep deprivation have shown that deprivation early in life can result in behavioral problems, permanent sleep disruption, decreased brain mass, and result in an abnormal amount of neuronal cell death.

Behavioral economics and the related field, behavioral finance, study the effects of social, cognitive, and emotional factors on the economic decisions of individuals and institutions and the consequences for market prices, returns, and the resource allocation.

The study concluded that yoga is cost-effective and easy to implement and that it produces many beneficial emotional, psychological, behavioral, and biological effects.

Before the 1980s, it was often speculated that cannabinoids produced their physiological and behavioral effects via nonspecific interaction with cell membranes, instead of interacting with specific membrane-bound receptors.

He maintained that punishment was not simply the opposite of positive reinforcement ; positive reinforcement results in lasting behavioral modification, whereas punishment changes behavior only temporarily and presents many detrimental side effects.

In a meta-analysis of the effects of music therapy for children and adolescents with psychopathology, Gold, Voracek, and Wigram ( 2004 ) looked at 10 previous studies conducted between 1970 and 1998 to examine the overall efficacy of music therapy on children and adolescents with psychopathology, which can be broken down into three distinct categories: behavioral disorders, emotional disorders, and developmental disorders.

In addition, there is a debate on the behavioral effects of children with incarcerated parents, and how losing one or both parents to incarceration affects their academic performance and social well-being with others.

The psychological paradigm focuses more on the humanistic, cognitive and behavioral causes and effects of psychopathology.

Cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) has been found to be effective treatment for panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

... anxiety, sadness or depression, anger, irritability, mental confusion, low sense of self-worth, etc., behavioral symptoms such as phobic avoidance, vigilance, impulsive and compulsive acts, lethargy, etc., cognitive problems such as unpleasant or disturbing thoughts, repetition of thoughts and obsession, habitual fantasizing, negativity and cynicism, etc.

It results in a spectrum of intellectual disability ranging from mild to severe as well as physical characteristics such as an elongated face, large or protruding ears, and large testes ( macroorchidism ), and behavioral characteristics such as stereotypic movements ( e. g. hand-flapping ), and social anxiety.

The patient's prognosis depends upon the category under which the underlying disorder falls ; depression and anxiety, for example, generally respond well to medication and / or cognitive behavioral therapy, whereas borderline personality disorder, like all personality disorders, is presumed to be pervasive and more stable over time, thus offers the worst or best prognosis.

These facilities base their programs on the success of Rational emotive behavior therapy, Cognitive behavioral therapy, Cognitive Appraisal Therapy, and Schema Therapy for anxiety and depression, as well as for substance abuse.

Psychiatric problems due to Wilson's disease may include behavioral changes, depression, anxiety and psychosis.

In some research, " behavioral inhibition " is studied, in others anxiety or social inhibition is.

The term “ emotionally disturbed children ” refers to a diverse group of diagnoses including behavioral disorders, schizophrenia, affective / mood disorders, autism, anxiety disorders, and attachment disorders.

If it is due to anxiety as the cause of hyperventilation syndrome, a few days of benzodiazepines and psychological referral for cognitive behavioral therapy may be useful.

His later books show frequent references to behavioral concepts such as " status anxiety.

Summers also participated in a series of videos for Freedom from Fear, a non-profit organization with the goal of addressing anxiety disorders and other related behavioral disorders.

A meta-analysis of 35 studies shows cognitive behavioral therapy to be more effective in the long term than pharmacologic treatment ( drugs such as SSRIs ), and while both treatments reduce anxiety, CBT is more effective in reducing depression.

Stress is thought to affect immune function through emotional and / or behavioral manifestations such as anxiety, fear, tension, anger and sadness and physiological changes such as heart rate, blood pressure, and sweating.

Outside the mood disorders: borderline personality disorder commonly features depressed mood ; adjustment disorder with depressed mood is a mood disturbance appearing as a psychological response to an identifiable event or stressor, in which the resulting emotional or behavioral symptoms are significant but do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode ; and posttraumatic stress disorder, an anxiety disorder that sometimes follows trauma, is commonly accompanied by depressed mood.

According to the DSM IV-TR, the development of the emotional or behavioral symptoms of this diagnosis have to occur within three months of the onset of the identifiable stressor ( s ) Some emotional signs of AD are sadness, hopelessness, lack of enjoyment, crying spells, nervousness, anxiety, worry, desperation, trouble sleeping, difficulty concentrating, feeling overwhelmed and thoughts of suicide.

For instance, behavioral analogues of anxiety or pain in laboratory animals can be used to screen and test new drugs for the treatment of these conditions in humans.

Exposure and response prevention ( ERP ) is a treatment method available from behavioral psychologists and cognitive-behavioral therapists for a variety of anxiety disorders, especially obsessive – compulsive disorder and phobias.

A Pentagon study released in June 2009, show that children of combat troops show more fear, anxiety and behavioral problems.

* George Devereux: From anxiety to method in the behavioral sciences, The Hague, Paris.

Many studies have found ESTs to be beneficial when treating anxiety disorders, specifically cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ).

Systematic desensitization is a type of behavioral therapy used in the field of psychology to help effectively overcome phobias and other anxiety disorders.

The UK's National Health Service now recognizes CCBT ( computerized cognitive behavioral therapy ) as the preferred method of treatment for mild-to-moderate presentations of anxiety and depression.