* refraction — bending of light associated with transparency

* diffraction — bending, spreading and interference of light passing by an object or aperture that disrupts the ray

* There is no need for mechanical structures to withstand bending forces ; vehicles or hulls can be very light or dispensed with all together

The bending of light by gravity can lead to the phenomenon of gravitational lensing, in which multiple images of the same distant astronomical object are visible in the sky.

Although the bending of light can also be derived by extending the universality of free fall to light, the angle of deflection resulting from such calculations is only half the value given by general relativity.

* Backfist usually from the front hand, reverse-back fist and spinning back-fist both usually from the back hand – are strikes to the head, raising the arm and bending the arm at the elbow and then straightening the arm quickly to strike to the side of the head with the rear of the knuckles, common in “ light contact ”.

Refraction is the bending of light rays when passing through a surface between one transparent material and another.

This equivalence is exemplified in a large number of physical processes including pair production, nuclear fusion, and the gravitational bending of light.

In the gravitational bending of light, photons of pure energy are shown to exhibit a behavior similar to passive gravitational mass.

If they both used the Attic stadion of about 185 meters, then the older estimate is 1 / 6 too large, and Ptolemy's value is 1 / 6 too small, a difference explained as due to ancient scientists ' use of simple methods of measuring the earth, which were corrupted either high or low by a factor of 5 / 6, due to air's bending of horizontal light rays by 1 / 6 of the Earth's curvature.

Stacking the photos horizontally within a flat box will greatly reduce ease of access, and binders leave three sides of the photo exposed to the effects of light and do not support the photograph evenly on both sides, leading to slumping and bending within the binder.

Some found Eddington's photographs of light bending around the sun to be compelling, some questioned their accuracy and meaning.

The first such gravitational lens to be discovered was the double-imaged quasar Q0957 + 561 ( or Twin Quasar ) in 1979 A grouping of two or more quasars can result from a chance alignment, physical proximity, actual close physical interaction, or effects of gravity bending the light of a single quasar into two or more images.

This is due to the bending of light rays as they move from the water to the air.

** Einstein's theory of general relativity is tested by Arthur Eddington's observation of the " bending of light " during a total solar eclipse in Principe, and by Andrew Crommelin in Sobral, Ceará, Brazil ( confirmed November 19 ).

One famous observation is of the bending of light from a star by the Sun observed during a solar eclipse.

* Diffraction, the apparent bending and spreading of light waves when they meet an obstruction.

A gravitational lens refers to a distribution of matter ( such as a cluster of galaxies ) between a distant source ( a background galaxy ) and an observer, that is capable of bending ( lensing ) the light from the source, as it travels towards the observer.

Since Earth is round, if their downward bending curve is about the same as the curvature of the Earth, light rays can travel large distances, perhaps from beyond the horizon.

Distortions of image and bending of light can produce spectacular effects.

GWR states that " owing to the light bending effects of atmospheric refraction, Vatnajökull ( 2, 109. 6 m ), Iceland, can sometimes be seen from the Faroe Islands, away ".

" I had often seen one placed at the end of a road on a hillock, and in the light of the sun its black arms, bending in every direction, always reminded me of the claws of an immense beetle ..." He later bribes a semaphore operator to relay a false message in order to manipulate the French financial market.

For example, a scalar field cannot produce the bending of light rays.

In general the gravitational fields predicted by general relativity differ in their effects only slightly from those predicted by classical mechanics, but there are a number of easily verifiable differences, one of the most well known being the bending of light in such fields.

This term refers to the ability of a material to resist bending stress and is determined by measuring the load required to cause failure by bending.

While Renaissance artists sought nature to find their style, the Mannerists looked first for a style and found a manner. In Mannerist paintings, compositions can have no focal point, space can be ambiguous, figures can be characterized by an athletic bending and twisting with distortions, exaggerations, an elastic elongation of the limbs, bizarre posturing on one hand, graceful posturing on the other hand, and a rendering of the heads as uniformly small and oval.

Bridges may be classified by how the forces of tension, compression, bending, torsion and shear are distributed through their structure.

These continuous tension – discontinuous compression structures featured single force compression members ( no flexure or bending moments ) that did not touch each other and were ' suspended ' by the tensional members.

They were later verified by observations such as the slight bending of starlight by the Sun during a solar eclipse in 1919, and such considerations are now an integral part of the software that runs the GPS system.

Intermittent short " deep sleep " phases while lying are characterized by the giraffe bending its neck backwards and resting its head on the hip or thigh, a position believed to indicate paradoxical sleep.

A number of techno musicians have modified 1980s-era Casio SK-1 sampling keyboards to create unusual sounds by doing circuit bending: connecting wires to different leads of the integrated circuit chips.

They do this by bending over and attaching themselves to the substrate with the mouth and tentacles and then release the foot, which provides the usual attachment, this process is called looping.

In the bow metaphor Heraclitus compares the resultant to a strung bow held in shape by an equilibrium of the string tension and spring action of the bow: There is a harmony in the bending back ( παλίντροπος palintropos ) as in the case of the bow and the lyre.

On certain types of harmonica the pre-tuned reed can be changed ( bending a note ) to another note by redirecting air flow into the chamber.

When a body at these points is perturbed, it moves away from the point, but the factor opposite of that which is increased or decreased by the perturbation ( either gravity or angular momentum-induced speed ) will also increase or decrease, bending the object's path into a stable, kidney-bean-shaped orbit around the point ( as seen in the rotating frame of reference ).

* Compression ( where each partner ' compress ' the energy by bending joints and moving towards or ' into ' their partner, to varying degrees );

The off-spinner was no-balled seven times in three overs by Hair, who believed the then 23 year old was bending his arm and straightening it in the process of delivery ; an illegal action in cricket.

* The Power Cosmic is a force that can alter reality, allowing the user to do whatever he or she wants ( including bending the laws of physics ), only being limited by how much cosmic energy the character can tap at a time.

A flourish can be added by springing the packets together by applying pressure and bending them from above.

Unlike an optical lens, maximum ' bending ' occurs closest to, and minimum ' bending ' furthest from, the center of a gravitational lens.

A central prediction from a current theory: the general theory of relativity predicts the gravitational lensing | bending of light in a gravitational field.

The act of pumping a longboard is the bending of ones knees in the direction of a turn to compensate for the gravitational forces in order to maintain speed.

Among other results relevant to fundamental physics, Gaia will follow the bending of starlight by the Sun ’ s gravitational field, as predicted by Albert Einstein ’ s General Theory of Relativity, and therefore directly observe the structure of space-time.

The basic idea is that, due to gravitational slowing of time, parts of a wave-front closer to a gravitating mass move more slowly than those further away, thus bending the direction of the wave-front's propagation.

When a distant star or quasar gets sufficiently aligned with a massive compact foreground object, the bending of light due to its gravitational field, as discussed by Einstein in 1915, leads to two distorted unresolved images resulting in an observable magnification.

Both the rigid gravity well and the rubber-sheet model are frequently misidentified as models of general relativity, due to an accidental resemblance to general relativistic embedding diagrams, and perhaps Einstein's employment of gravitational " curvature " bending the path of light, which he described as a prediction of general relativity.