This project was carried out under sponsorship of the Ballistic Missile Division of the Air Research and Development Command, U.S. Air Force, and had as its goal the investigation of the transport by diffusion of the heat energy of chemical binding.

Protons have a positive charge and a mass 1, 836 times that of the electron, at, although this can be reduced by changes to the energy binding the proton into an atom.

The energy necessary to remove an electron from its shell ( taking it to infinity ) is called the binding energy.

In the event the electron absorbs a quantity of energy less than the binding energy, it will transition to an excited state.

Thus, the binding energy to contain or trap a particle in a smaller region of space, increases without bound, as the region of space grows smaller.

Alpha decay is the most likely cluster decay because of the combined extremely high binding energy and relatively small mass of the helium-4 product nucleus ( the alpha particle ).

In theory it can occur only in nuclei somewhat heavier than nickel ( element 28 ), where overall binding energy per nucleon is no longer a minimum, and the nuclides are therefore unstable toward spontaneous fission-type processes.

This is incorporated into the BCS theory, where lattice vibrations yield the binding energy of electrons in a Cooper pair.

In general, it differs in value when expressed in u for a given nuclide ( or isotope ) slightly from the mass number, since the mass of the protons and neutrons is not exactly 1 u, the electrons contribute a lesser share to the atomic mass as neutron number exceeds proton number, and ( finally ) because of the nuclear binding energy.

Many of these appear to be fairly uniform, so by the virial theorem, the total kinetic energy should be half the total gravitational binding energy of the galaxies.

The effect of the field in this case is to reduce the effective binding energy of the atom to the surface and to give, in effect, a greatly increased evaporation rate relative to that expected at that temperature at zero fields.

They also argue that binding massive amounts of investments on nuclear energy would take funding away from more effective solutions.

Prior to 1958 a method of raising energy in the coven's circle was by the practice of " binding and scourging ", mostly used as an initiation rite, and related to the Roman Catholic scourging used to heighten the initiates sensitivity and spiritual experience.

This is due to the very high nuclear binding energy ( per nucleon ) of helium-4 with respect to the next three elements after helium.

This helium-4 binding energy also accounts for its commonality as a product in both nuclear fusion and radioactive decay.

The binding energy per particle of helium-4 is significantly larger than all nearby nuclides.

Helium-4 nuclear binding per nucleon is stronger than in any of these elements ( see nucleogenesis and binding energy ) and thus no energetic drive was available, once helium had been formed, to make elements 3, 4 and 5.

It was classically argued that the binding of an oxygen molecule placed high-spin iron ( II ) in an octahedral field of strong-field ligands ; this change in field would increase the crystal field splitting energy, causing iron's electrons to pair into the low-spin configuration, which would be diamagnetic in Fe ( II ).

The two electrons are then held together with a certain binding energy.

If this binding energy is higher than the energy provided by kicks from oscillating atoms in the conductor ( which is true at low temperatures ), then the electron pair will stick together and resist all kicks, thus not experiencing resistance.

Breast binding ( for females ) is not uncommon and is most likely needed to cosplay a male character.

The 3 ’- hydroxy group is involved in initial binding to the substrate while the 2 ’- group is not necessary for recognition but needed in subsequent steps.

The constrictor knot is appropriate for situations where secure temporary or semi-permanent binding is needed.

The gravitational binding energy of a sphere is found by imagining that it is pulled apart by successively moving spherical shells to infinity, the outermost first, and finding the total energy needed for that.

The difference in system masses, called a mass defect, is a measure of the binding energy in bound systems – in other words, the energy needed to break the system apart.

would be the actual project data and would contain the project icon, information regarding which program is needed to open the project ( since there is no application binding in AmigaOS ), special project options and any user comments.

This layer may be used to aid binding of substances needed for uptake, to adhere nutrients or as protection against harmful elements.

It works as a bridge between the network layer and the other components of the application layer: it keeps up-to-date binding tables in the form of a database, which can be used to find appropriate devices depending on the services that are needed and those the different devices offer.

After binding to Glycyl-Prolyl-Prolyl-Prolyl-Prolyl-Prolyl-registers on tracker proteins, Profilin-ATP-actin is delivered (" loaded ") to the unclamped end of the other sub-filament, whereupon ATP within the already clamped terminal subunit of the other subfragment is hydrolyzed (" fired "), providing the energy needed to release that arm of the end-tracker, which then can bind another Profilin-ATP-actin to begin a new monomer-addition round.

The party usually gave to its members freedom of conscience on moral issues ( and hence a free vote ), as in the case of the referendum on stem-cell research, but leading members of the party, including Silvio Berlusconi, Giulio Tremonti and Marcello Pera ( who is himself non-Catholic, although friend of Pope Benedict XVI ), spoke in favour of " abstention " ( as asked by the Catholic Church, in order to not surpass the 50 % of turnout needed for making the referendum legally binding ).

Regulatory proteins are often needed to be bound to a regulatory binding site to switch a gene on ( activator ) or to shut off a gene ( repressor ).

While, however, Dalhousie was content with a mutual engagement with the Afghan chief, binding each party to respect the territories of the other, he saw that a larger measure of interference was needed in Baluchistan, and with the Khan of Kalat he authorized Major Jacob to negotiate a treaty of subordinate co-operation on 14 May 1854.

This used a component identification scheme both embedded into the file and encoded into the file name, along with dynamic binding of " glue files " ( DLLs loaded into memory only when needed ).

The dynamic binding of components was done using a new " Abstract OS Services DLL " that looked for the latest version of the appropriate needed component via the file name encoding.

Calcium is another special case, in that it is required as a component of the human diet, and it is needed for the full activity of many enzymes, such as nitric oxide synthase, protein phosphatases, and adenylate kinase, but calcium activates these enzymes in allosteric regulation, often binding to these enzymes in a complex with calmodulin.

Though the case resulted in no binding case law, the Court suggested a narrowing of federal jurisdiction and implied the federal government needed a more substantial link between navigable federal waters and wetlands than it had been using, but held onto the " significant nexus " test.

When the process is conducted mainly online it is referred to as ODR, i. e. to carry out most of the dispute resolution procedure online, including the initial filing, the neutral appointment, evidentiary processes, oral hearings if needed, online discussions, and even the rendering of binding settlements.

The specific late binding mechanism needed is determined at runtime using the Dynamic Language Runtime as a starting point.

Late binding prevents many forms of static analysis needed by an integrated development environment ( IDE ).

An examination of the interstitial retinol binding protein nuclear gene ( IRBP ) in three marmoset species showed that Callithrix as constructed in the 1990's also needed to include C. pygmaea to be monophyletic, and that the times of separation of pygmaea and the argentata and jacchus species groups from one another are less than 5 million years ago, as might be expected for species of the same genus.

The organizers of this gathering ( Benno Straucher, Nathan Birnbaum, Chaim Zhitlowsky, David Pinski, and Jacob Gordin ) expressed a sense of urgency to the delegates that Yiddish as a language and as the binding glue of Jews throughout Eastern Europe needed help.

The linear isotherm occurs when the solute concentration needed to be purified is very small relative to the binding molecule.

The referendum was held on a summer day, which is said to have contributed to the fact that the turnout was so low that it didn't pass the threshold of 50 percent of the voters needed to make the decision binding, although the winning answer, NO, was respected and the law wasn't changed, meaning abortion was only allowed in exceptional case ( such as rape, mal-formations of the fetus and danger to the women's health ).