It is possible that these verses or others like them were misunderstood by ancient writers, leading to the biographical tradition which has come down to us.

Virgil's biographical tradition is thought to depend on a lost biography by Varius, Virgil's editor, which was incorporated into the biography by Suetonius and the commentaries of Servius and Donatus, the two great commentators on Virgil's poetry.

Although the commentaries no doubt record much factual information about Virgil, some of their evidence can be shown to rely on inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing ; thus, Virgil's biographical tradition remains problematic.

The biographical tradition asserts that Virgil began the hexameter Eclogues ( or Bucolics ) in 42 BC and it is thought that the collection was published around 39 – 38 BC, although this is controversial.

The biographical tradition says that Virgil and Maecenas took turns reading the Georgics to Octavian upon his return from defeating Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.

A considerable amount of information about the life of Archilochus has come down to the modern age via his surviving work, the testimony of other authors and inscriptions on monuments, yet it all needs to be viewed with caution — the biographical tradition is generally unreliable and the fragmentary nature of the poems doesn't really support inferences about his personal history.

Bosworth, in line with the epigraphic tradition of modern classical studies, points out that Arrian is a secondary source of Alexander's biographical data: " Arrian is prone to misread and misinterpret his primary sources, and the smooth flow of his narrative can obscure treacherous quicksands of error ".

The author, whose true name and place of origin are probably concealed beneath the impenetrably enigmatic biographical tradition concerning " Lycophron ," probably used the name, and some of the literary substance, of Lycophron, not in emulation, but as an ironic reminiscence of the earlier writer, who had combined the practice of tragedy and the elucidation of comedy.

In 1664 he published at London an edition of the Lives of Eminent Philosophers by Diogenes Laertius that contains an unedited anonymous life of Aristotle ; this life was known as ' Vita Menagiana ' before the critical edition by Ingemar Düring, Aristotle in the ancient biographical tradition Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell 1957 ; reprinted New York, Garland, 1987, pp. 80 – 93 ) with the title ' Vita Hesychii ' ( the attribution to Hesychius of Miletus is controversial ).

As is not uncommon in the biographical tradition, later biographers failed to notice that earlier biographers did not give an accurate representation of events.

Following the tradition of his nomarch ancestors, Intef II erected a biographical stele in the entrance of his tomb, which relates the events of his reign.

The biographical tradition for both individuals claims that they were involved in the overthrow of tyranny at Eresos.

In each, the patriarch first narrates his own life, focusing on his strengths, virtues, or his sins, using biographical material from both the Hebrew Bible and Jewish tradition.

Critical scholarship in the 19th century distinguished between the " biographical " approach of the synoptics and the " theological " approach of John, and began to disregard John as a historical source.

The literature on Puritans, particularly biographical literature on individual Puritan ministers, became large already in the 17th century, and indeed the interests of Puritans in the narratives of early life and conversions made the recording of the internal lives important to them.

E. C. Bentley ( 10 July 187530 March 1956 ) was a popular English novelist and humorist of the early twentieth century, and the inventor of the clerihew, an irregular form of humorous verse on biographical topics.

" Nobel century: a biographical analysis of physics laureates ".

This portrait of Alexandria during the first half of the twentieth century includes a biographical account of E. M. Forster, his life in the city, his relationship with Constantine Cavafy, and his influence on Lawrence Durrell.

According to a biographical memorial written by Gabriel Almond at the time of Lasswell's death and published by the National Academies of Sciences in 1987, Lasswell " ranked among the half dozen creative innovators in the social sciences in the twentieth century.

In recent years there has been a renewal of critical and biographical interest in Lewis and his work, and he is now regarded as a major British artist and writer of the twentieth century.

After 1885 Dobson was engaged mainly in critical and biographical prose, by which he added considerably to the general knowledge of his favourite 18th century.

Besides biographical sketches of Defoe, Sir John Davies, Allan Ramsay, Sir David Lyndsay, Churchyard and others, prefixed to editions of their respective works, the British government paid Chalmers 500 pounds sterling to write a hostile biography of Thomas Paine, the author of the Rights of Man, that Chalmers published under the assumed name of Francis Oldys, A. M., of the University of Pennsylvania ; and a life of Ruddiman, in which considerable light is thrown on the state of literature in Scotland during the earlier part of the last century.

The American historian, Richard Bulliet, in a work based on the quantitative use of the onomastic data as furnished by scholarly biographical dictionaries, concluded that it was only in the 10th century when the Andalusi emirate was firmly established and developed into the greatest power of the western Mediterranean under Caliph Abd ar-Rahman III, that the numerical ratio of Muslims and Christians in Al-Andalus was reversed in favour of the former.

He was one of the most influential music critics of the 19th century, and his enormous compilation of biographical data in the Biographie universelle des musiciens remains an important source of information today.

Gandhi is a 1982 biographical film based on the life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, who led the nonviolent resistance movement against British colonial rule in India during the first half of the 20th century.

* There is a biographical sketch of Laonicus and his brother, Demetrius Chalcondyles in Greek by Antonius Calosynas, a physician of Toledo, who lived in the latter part of the sixteenth century: see in C. Hopf, Chroniques Gréco-romanes ( Paris 1873 ), pp. 243 – 5.

There is a complete edition of all the extant poems of Rudaki which were known at the end of the 19th century, in Persian text and metrical German translation, together with a biographical account, based on forty-six Persian manuscripts, in Hermann Ethé's Rudagi der Samanidendichter ( Göttinger Nachrichten, 1873, pp. 663 – 742 ); see also:

Literary scholar Boaz Arpaly wrote about the influence of biography on Amichai's poetry: " Literary criticism made the determination long ago that despite the autobiographical character of Amichai's poetry, the individual depicted in it is the typical Israeli everyman, and even in a wider sense, the individual as an individual of the twentieth century ( a poetics that interweaves the private with the typically generic )... Amichai routinely conflates biographical details from different times into one poetic framework, and exploits drafts and poetic ideas that were recorded in different periods, for a poem that would be written years later ".

Various nineteenth century biographical sources, including the Dictionary of National Biography, claimed wrongly he wrote the Rees article on Steam.

According to Arnold Houbraken's 17th century biographical study of Dutch painters he was born in Heidelberg or Prague.

Alongside his more than 150 articles on astronomy and astrophysics, he published 70 historical studies, biographical memoirs, and obituaries of major figures in nineteenth and twentieth century astronomy, and numerous book reviews.

Vidal's portrait is drawn from contemporary diaries, memoirs, letters, newspaper accounts, and the biographical writings of Hay and John Nicolay, Lincoln's secretaries ; and is buttressed by the work of both 19th and 20th century historians.

Robert Wever was an English poet and dramatist of the sixteenth century ( floruit c. 1550 ) about whom little biographical information seems to have survived.

Much that is known comes from the biographical accounts found in The Generations of the Physicians, a work written by the Andalusian author Ibn Juljul in the 2nd half of the 10th century, and in The Generations of the Nations by Sa ' id of Toledo, who wrote in the mid-11th century.

Among the permanent exhibits is the " Search for the Star of David " – a biographical presentation on Oskar Schindler, the Righteous Among Nations, the unique " History of Washing Technology ", the photo exposition " History of Svitavy " showing photos of the town from the beginning of the 20th century and the " Villas of Svitavy ".

The Byzantine encyclopaedia Suda provides a good example of the biographical uncertainties.

* Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit, a German-language biographical dictionary of the late Byzantine Empire

The Alexiad ( original Greek title: Ἀλεξιάς ) is a medieval biographical text written around the year 1148 by the Byzantine historian Anna Comnena, daughter of Emperor Alexius I.

Most of the biographical material comes from four sources: two are texts entitled Life of Apollonius found in the scholia on his work ( Vitae A and B ); a third is an entry in the 10th-century encyclopaedia the Suda ; and fourthly a 2nd-century BCE papyrus, P. Oxy.

After Keynes's death Schumpeter wrote a brief biographical piece called Keynes the Economist – on a personal level he was very positive about Keynes as a man ; praising his pleasant nature, courtesy and kindness.

He was a secretive man, and even his wife knew nothing of his early life, which explains the scarcity of biographical information available.

His withdrawal from Naples as a young man, sometimes treated as biographical, is apparently a purely literary trope.

Whilst Lee has downplayed autobiographical parallels in the book, Truman Capote, mentioning the character Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird, described details he considered biographical: " In my original version of Other Voices, Other Rooms I had that same man living in the house that used to leave things in the trees, and then I took that out.

A few anecdotes survive about this man, in the brief biographical sketch of him given in the Book on Thirty Tyrants in the Historia Augusta: it is stated for example that he was raised to the throne because of his name ( Regalianus, " of a king " or " kingly "); when his soldiers heard this jest they greeted Regalianus as their emperor.

Roger Ebert defended the The Hurricane and distortions in biographical films in general, stating " those who seek the truth about a man from the film of his life might as well seek it from his loving grandmother.

Henry Breasley is an elderly painter whose secluded retirement is invaded by a brash young artist commissioned to write a biographical study of the great man.

He is the director of outstanding animated short films including such classics as his social satire of bureaucrats, Chelovek v ramke ( The Man in the Frame ) ( 1966 ), the philosophic parable, Ostrov ( Island ) ( 1973 ) about the loneliness of a man in modern society, the biographical film Ein Junger Mann namens Engels-Ein Portrait in Briefen ( 1970 ), based on drawings and letters of young Engels, the parody Film, film, film!

Other biographical anecdotes remember al-Mawardi as a humble man, eloquent and enthusiastic in his speech.

In his biographical study of Pike, Durden concluded that Pike had been ardently " free soil " before the American Civil War because he thought that the West should belong to the white man.

He continued to use ' man on the street ' style biographical videos to create intimacy and authenticity in the political ads.