After that, the king managed to control the appointment of dukes and often also employed bishops in administrative affairs.

Already in 1248, the Kammin bishops and the Pomeranian dukes had interchanged the terrae Stargard and Kolberg, leaving the bishops in charge of the latter.

In 1345, the bishops became Imperial immediate dukes in their secular reign.

Conflict between the Emperor and the papacy continued, and eventually dukes in league with the emperor were buying bishops and popes almost openly.

In 1195, Henry VI, son and heir of Barbarossa, sought to efface this humiliation by declaring a new Crusade and in the summer of 1197 a large number of German knights and nobles, including two Archbishops, nine bishops, five dukes and numerous other nobles sailed for Palestine.

Centuries ago, what is now the Netherlands was still a collection of small states, ruled by bishops, earls, dukes, and lords.

This canon, or decree, which at first bound not the laity, was effectually confirmed by two kingdoms of the heptarchy, in their parliamentary conventions of estates, respectively consisting of the kings of Mercia and Northumberland, the bishops, dukes, senators, and people.

The bishops started to call themselves dukes of Bouillon, and the town emerged as the capital of a sovereign duchy by 1678, when it was captured from the bishopric by the French army and given to the La Tour d ' Auvergne family.

In Western Europe, consolidation of power of local magnates and of kings in fixed administrative centres from the mid-13th century led to the creation of a distinct court culture that was the centre of intellectual and artistic patronage rivalling the abbots and bishops, in addition to its role as the apex of a rudimentary political bureaucracy that rivalled the courts of counts and dukes.

Einhard I of Speyer and other bishops supported Conrad I in a struggle with opposing dukes.

Soon they were selected only from the secular and eccesiastical nobility: the entry for 802 in the so-called Lorsch Annals ( 794-803 ) states that instead of relying on " poorer vassals ", Charlemagne " chose from the kingdom archbishops and bishops and abbots, with dukes and counts, who now had no need to receive gifts from the innocent, and sent them throughout his kingdom, so that they might administer justice to the churches, to widows, orphans and the poor, and to all the people.

The bishops had to intervene again in order to appease the king and the dukes.

Some of its bishops and archbishops were feudal lords in their own right, equivalent in rank and precedence to counts and dukes.

:' Indeed King Dagobert, swift, handsome and famous with no rival among any of the earlier kings of the Franks, loved him so much that he would often take himself out of the crowds of princes, optimates, dukes or bishops around him and seek private counsel from Eligius ".

Thereafter, dukes precede marquesses, who precede earls, who precede viscounts, who precede bishops, who precede barons and lords of Parliament.

In 1248, the Kammin bishops and the Pomeranian dukes had interchanged the terrae Stargard and Kolberg, leaving the bishops in charge of the latter.

In the West, bishops and dukes of the Holy Roman Empire mounted expeditions to Pomerania.

The Griffin dukes, Silesian Piasts, Dukes of Greater Poland, the bishops of Lebus and the bishops of Kammin all competed for the Warthe / Netze ( Notec ) area, centered around the burgh of Zantoch.

The Pomeranian dukes and Cammin bishops tried to take advance of Brandenburg's weakness.

To achieve these goals, the dukes allied with various neighboring states, mounted military campaigns of which the first Battle of Kremmer Damm in 1332 was the most important, and gave their lands to the Cammin bishops ( in 1320 ) and even to pope John XXII ( in 1330 or 1331 ).

The secular possessions of the Diocese of Cammin around Kolberg ( Kolobrzeg ) subsequently came controlled by the dukes, when members of the ducal family were made titular bishops of Cammin since 1556.

Within the Duchy of Pomerania, Kolberg was the urban center of the secular reign of the Cammin bishops and their residence throughout the High and Late Middle Ages.

His intent to consecrate a bishop for Pomerania was thwarted by the bishops of Magdeburg and Gniezno who claimed metropolitan rights over Pomerania.

* Prince-Bishopric of Cammin, Lutheran bishops and administrators since 1544, secularised and merged into the Duchy of Pomerania in 1650

Bishop Wigers ( 1138 – 60 ) was the first of a series of bishops of the Premonstratensian Order, which chose the occupants of the see until 1447 ; in that year a bull of Nicholas V gave the right of nomination to the elector of Brandenburg, with whom the bishops stood in a close feudal relation.

With the monks and bishops, the history of the town of Brandenburg, which in time became the state of Brandenburg, began.

With the arrival of monks and bishops begins anew the recorded history of the town of Brandenburg, from which would develop the eponymous margraviate.

The Saxon army directed against Demmin was led by several bishops, including those of Mainz, Halberstadt, Münster, Merseburg, Brandenburg, Olmütz, and Bishop Anselm of Havelberg.

In 1337, the Brandenburg margrave had to take the terrae Lippehne, Schivelbein and Falkenberg ( all in Neumark ) as a fief from the Cammin bishops.

* Prince-Bishopric of Brandenburg, Lutheran bishops and administrators since 1539, secularised and merged into the Electorate of Brandenburg in 1571.

* Prince-Bishopric of Havelberg, Lutheran bishops and administrators since 1558, secularised and merged into the Electorate of Brandenburg in 1598.

The acts of the process were sent either to the metropolitan or primate, who carefully examined the cause, and, after consultation with the suffragan bishops, declared whether the defunct was worthy of the name of ' martyr ' and public veneration.

An unknown number of copies of it were sent out to officials, such as royal sheriffs and bishops.

Several Apostolic Letters were sent to the bishops in the East.

The anti-Monothelite side in Jerusalem, championed by Maximus the Confessor and Sophronius of Jerusalem, sent to this synod Anastasius ( a pupil of Maximus ), George of Reshaina ( a pupil of Sophronius ), two of George of Raishana's own pupils, and eight bishops from Palestine.

At Lothair ’ s request, Cardinal Gherardo and two bishops then sent word to Rome to obtain Honorius ’ confirmation of the election, which he granted.

The pope sent a legate back to Palestine with instructions that Bernard was to acquiesce and that the various bishops were to submit to William of Malines within forty days.

Gregory sent Boniface back to Bavaria with three letters ; one commanded the bishops and higher ecclesiastical officers to provide Boniface with as much help as they could.

On March 31, 837, Gregory sent the Pallium to the Archbishop of Salzburg ; he also sent one to Venerius, the Patriarch of Grado, in 828, in support of his claims to have jurisdiction over the bishops of Istria.

The Pope sent two bishops to negotiate with Christophorus and Sergius, telling them that they must either retire to a monastery or come out to him at St. Peter ’ s.

There is also a letter to the bishops of Sardinia, where ( since circa 1050 brought under Pisan and Genoan control ) he sent monks while still abbot of Monte Cassino.

Pope Gregory I ( Gregory the Great, d. 604 ) was influential in the spread of Christianity to Britain and also sent Queens Theodelinde and Brunhilda, as well as Spanish bishops, copies of manuscripts.

Julius sent a letter to the Eastern bishops that is an early instance of the claims of primacy for the bishop of Rome.

At the very beginning of Leo I's pontificate, in the years 444 – 447, Turribius, bishop of Astorga in León, sent to Rome a memorandum warning that Priscillianism was by no means dead, reporting that it numbered even bishops among its supporters, and asking the aid of the Roman See.

The council sent two bishops to Italy, and they procured a similar act of deposition from the Lombard bishops at the synod of Piacenza.

Cyril then sent four suffragan bishops to deliver both the Pope's commission as well as the synodal letter of the Egyptian bishops.

The council sent a letter to Theodosius indicating that the condemnation of Nestorius had been agreed upon not only by the bishops of the East meeting in Ephesus but also of the bishops of the West who had convened at a synod in Rome convened by Celestine.

On 30 June 1688 — the same day the bishops were acquitted — a group of political figures known afterward as the " Immortal Seven ", sent William a formal invitation.

Fabian sent seven bishops from Rome to Gaul to preach the Gospel: Gatianus of Tours to Tours, Trophimus of Arles to Arles, Paul of Narbonne to Narbonne, Saturnin to Toulouse, Denis to Paris, Austromoine to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Clermont, and Saint Martial to Limoges.

At the urging of several bishops, and at the personal insistence of King Louis XIV, Pope Alexander VII sent to France the apostolic constitution Regiminis Apostolici ( dated February 15, 1664 ) which required all French Catholics to subscribe to the following formulary:

The verdict of the synod was sent to the Christian bishops, most notably the bishop of Antioch, a fierce Novatian supporter in order to convince him to accept Cornelius ’ s power.

The letters that Cornelius sent to surrounding bishops provide knowledge of the size of the church during the period.