Bundle theory, originated by the 18th century Scottish philosopher David Hume, is the ontological theory about objecthood in which an object consists only of a collection ( bundle ) of properties, relations or tropes.

According to bundle theory, an object consists of its properties and nothing more: thus neither can there be an object without properties nor can one even conceive of such an object ; for example, bundle theory claims that thinking of an apple compels one also to think of its color, its shape, the fact that it is a kind of fruit, its cells, its taste, or at least one other of its properties.

The difficulty in conceiving of or describing an object without also conceiving of or describing its properties is a common justification for bundle theory, especially among current philosophers in the Anglo-American tradition.

However, the argument concludes that the conceptual challenge of bare particulars leaves a bundle of properties and nothing more as the only possible conception of an object, thus justifying bundle theory.

Objections to bundle theory concern the nature of the bundle of properties, the properties ' compresence relation ( the togetherness relation between those constituent properties ), and the impact of language on understanding reality.

For example, bundle theory regards an apple as red, four inches ( 100 mm ) wide, and juicy but lacking an underlying substance.

Critics question how bundle theory accounts for the properties ' compresence ( the togetherness relation between those properties ) without an underlying substance.

Traditional bundle theory, according to Professor Dustin Moriarty, explains the compresence of properties by defining an object as a collection of properties bound together.

The bundle theory of substance explains compresence.

The language-reality objection to bundle theory relates to the impact language has on understanding reality.

The objection maintains that language causes confusion that supports bundle theory.

# via bundle theory as bundles of properties-categories reflect differences in these

A modern-day version of the bundle theory of the mind has been advanced by Derek Parfit in his Reasons and Persons ( 1986 ).

According to this view, Hume is not arguing for a bundle theory, which is a form of reductionism, but rather for an eliminative view of the self.

In modern geometry, the extra fifth dimension can be understood to be the circle group U ( 1 ), as electromagnetism can essentially be formulated as a gauge theory on a fiber bundle, the circle bundle, with gauge group U ( 1 ).

To build the Kaluza – Klein theory, one picks an invariant metric on the circle S < sup > 1 </ sup > that is the fiber of the U ( 1 )- bundle of electromagnetism.

Matter can be argued to be redundant, as in bundle theory, and mind-independent properties can in turn be reduced to subjective percepts.

The indiscernibility argument from the substance theorist targets those bundle theorists who are also metaphysical realists.

Substance theorists then say that bundle theory and metaphysical realism can only coexist by introducing an identity of indiscernibles creed, which substance theorists suggest is incoherent.

Since bundle theory states that all concrete particulars are merely constructions or ' bundles ' of attributes, or qualitive properties, the substance theorist's indiscernibility argument claims that the ability to recognize numerically different concrete particulars, such as concrete objects, requires those particulars to have discernible qualitative differences in their attributes and that the metaphysical realist who is also a bundle theorist must therefore concede to the existence of ' discernible ( numerically different ) concrete particulars ', the ' identity of indiscernibles ', and a ' principle of constituent identity '.

Two leading theories about objecthood are substance theory, wherein substances ( objects ) are distinct from their properties, and bundle theory, wherein objects are no more than bundles of their properties.

* Mixed nerves contain both afferent and efferent axons, and thus conduct both incoming sensory information and outgoing muscle commands in the same bundle.

They found and copied several and were particularly excited about their final discovery, which Grove described thus: " I found, at the bottom of the cupboard and in its farthest corner, a bundle of music books two feet high, carefully tied round, and black with the undisturbed dust of nearly half-a-century.

According to bundle theory, the answer is: none ; thus an object is merely its properties.

The term " will-o '- the-wisp " comes from " wisp ", a bundle of sticks or paper sometimes used as a torch, and the name " Will ": thus, " Will-of-the-torch ".

The furnace can be situated at one end of a fire-tube which lengthens the path of the hot gases, thus augmenting the heating surface which can be further increased by making the gases reverse direction through a second parallel tube or a bundle of multiple tubes ( two-pass or return flue boiler ); alternatively the gases may be taken along the sides and then beneath the boiler through flues ( 3-pass boiler ).

Three times, the procession was stopped, and a bundle of flax lashed to a gilded staff was burnt before the newly elected pontiff, while a master of ceremonies said: Pater Sancte, sic transit gloria mundi ( Holy Father, thus passes the glory of the world ) as a symbolic caution to set aside materialism and vanity.

The Lagrangian is thus a function on the jet bundle J over E ; taking the fiberwise Legendre transform of the Lagrangian produces a function on the dual bundle over time whose fiber at t is the cotangent space T < sup >*</ sup > E < sub > t </ sub >, which comes equipped with a natural symplectic form, and this latter function is the Hamiltonian.

Because cotangent bundles can be thought of as symplectic manifolds, any real function on the cotangent bundle can be interpreted to be a Hamiltonian ; thus the cotangent bundle can be understood to be a phase space on which Hamiltonian mechanics plays out.

They found and copied several, and were particularly excited about their final discovery, which Grove described thus: " I found, at the bottom of the cupboard, and in its farthest corner, a bundle of music-books two feet high, carefully tied round, and black with the undisturbed dust of nearly half-a-century.

The Chern classes of M are thus defined to be the Chern classes of its tangent bundle.

Thus a context in which the Hodge dual is very often seen is the exterior algebra of the cotangent bundle ( i. e. the space of differential forms on a manifold ) where it can be used to construct the codifferential from the exterior derivative, and thus the Laplace-de Rham operator, which leads to the Hodge decomposition of differential forms in the case of compact Riemannian manifolds.

In particular, the universal cover of X is a principal bundle over X with structure group ( since the universal cover is simply connected and thus is trivial ).

* An abelian variety ( i. e., a complete group variety ) admits an ample line bundle and thus projective.

In 2005 the first eight beams ( a full bundle ) were fired producing 153 kJ of infrared light, thus eclipsing OMEGA as the highest energy laser ( per pulse ) on the planet.

There are thus two forms of the theorem: one which operates with distributions, that is smooth subbundles D of the tangent bundle TM ; and the other which operates with subbundles of the graded ring Ω ( M ) of all forms on M. These two forms are related by duality.

The quotient sheaf K < sup >∗</ sup >/ O < sup >∗</ sup > is the sheaf of germs of Cartier divisors on M. The question of whether every global section is generated by a meromorphic function is thus equivalent to determining whether every line bundle on M is trivial.

Inhaled general anaesthetics frequently do not change structure of their target protein ( of Cys-loop receptor here ) but change its dynamics especially dynamics in the flexible loops that connect α-helices in a bundle thus disrupting modes of motion essential for the protein function.

In the train she encounters a German compère, who has just read the same headlines of Sunnyville Courier, while it ’ s turned out that the bundle is actually a swaddled infant, who starts crying, thus revealing himself.

In this way, it was Mach who formulated the key thesis of phenomenalism, which separates it from bundle theories of objects: objects are logical constructions out of sense-data or ideas ; whereas according to bundle theories, objects are made up of sets, or bundles, of actual ideas or perceptions.

There are theories of holomorphic line bundles on complex manifolds, and invertible sheaves in algebraic geometry, that work out a line bundle theory in those areas.

The Lagrangian of these theories is the classical action ( holonomy of the line bundle ).

Gauge fixing in non-abelian gauge theories, such as Yang-Mills theory and general relativity, is a rather more complicated topic ; for details see Gribov ambiguity, Faddeev – Popov ghost, and frame bundle.