Sometimes it is necessary to roughly calculate the square inch area of the opening but the calculation can usually be made with sufficient accuracy that it won't affect the final computation.

This calculation results in an enthalpy rise which is somewhat high because it assumes a mass flow equally distributed over the plug cross section whereas in reality the mass velocity is expected to be smaller in the regions of higher temperatures.

Although the Af calculation is obvious by analogy with that for gravitational field and osmotic pressure, it is interesting to confirm it by a method which can be generalized to include related effects.

The mass scale used in Table 5-1 was derived on the assumption that the motion of the glowing trail is related to the momentum transfer to the trail by the meteorite, permitting the calculation of the mass if the velocity is known ( Cook and Whipple, 1958 ).

Presumably, if the reverse is the case and the good effect is more certain than the evil result that may be forthcoming, not only must the good and the evil be prudentially weighed and found proportionate, but also calculation of the probabilities and of the degree of certainty or uncertainty in the good or evil effect must be taken into account.

The 1 / 4 abacus, which is suited to decimal calculation, appeared circa 1930, and became widespread as the Japanese abandoned hexadecimal weight calculation which was still common in China.

The use of the soroban is still taught in Japanese primary schools as part of mathematics, primarily as an aid to faster mental calculation.

" For some people, a program is only an algorithm if it stops eventually ; for others, a program is only an algorithm if it stops before a given number of calculation steps.

The 1976 definition of the astronomical unit was incomplete, in particular because it does not specify the frame of reference in which time is to be measured, but proved practical for the calculation of ephemerides: a fuller definition that is consistent with general relativity was proposed, and " vigorous debate " ensued until in August 2012 the International Astronomical Union adopted the current definition of 1 astronomical unit = 149597870700 meters.

Whenever any result is sought by its aid, the question will then arise — By what course of calculation can these results be arrived at by the machine in the shortest time?

For normal calculation a number zero is often needed, here most notably when calculating the number of years in a period that spans the epoch ; the end years need only be subtracted from each other.

The correctness of Varro's calculation has not been proven scientifically but is still used worldwide.

This calculation also includes an allowance for light-time correction, and is therefore analogous to the concept of planetary aberration.

This equation is incorrect for the calculation of drag in most cases.

* Dry basis, an expression of a calculation in which the presence of water is ignored

Sacrifice bunts ( sacrifice hits since 1954 ), which would lower a batter's on-base percentage, are not included in the calculation for on-base percentage, as bunting is an offensive strategy – often dictated by the manager – the use of which does not necessarily reflect on the batter's ability and should not be used to penalize him.

In mathematics, a binary operation on a set is a calculation involving two elements of the set ( called operands ) and producing another element of the set ( more formally, an operation whose arity is two ).

This calculation, called a " Stage Factor ", is essentially the ratio of points per second.

The SEC yield calculation for a bond fund is essentially a yield to maturity for the bond portfolio.

* It is essentially a simple interest calculation, and ignores the effect of compounding interest.

* High availability # Percentage calculation which has a table that shows the conversion from " nines " to the amount of time a system would be unavailable in a year

In this book he showed the practical importance of the new numeral system by applying it to commercial bookkeeping, conversion of weights and measures, the calculation of interests, money-changing, and numerous other applications.

: The co-co feature was often favored by issuers because the shares of underlying common stock were only required to be included in diluted EPS calculation if the issuer's stock traded above the contingent conversion price.

Strictly speaking, the calculation is the price paid per share multiplied by the total number of shares existing after the investment — i. e., it takes into account the number of shares arising from the conversion of loans, exercise of in-the-money warrants, and any in-the-money options.

The Band calculation assumes that the M shell may contribute to internal conversion to a non-negligible extent, and incorporates a general term ( called " N +") which takes into account the small effect of any higher shells there may be, while the Rösel calculation works like the Band, but does not assume that all shells contribute and so generally terminates at the N shell.

The loop price has several components built into it, including the mileage calculation ( performed in V / H coordinates, not standard GPS coordinates ) and the telco piece.

A different approach was taken for Quake, which would calculate perspective correct coordinates only once every 16 pixels of a scanline and linearly interpolate between them, effectively running at the speed of linear interpolation because the perspective correct calculation runs in parallel on the co-processor.

Scientists of the Institut of Geodesy and Geoinformationtechnique of the Technical University of Berlin were testing the antique maps of Ptolemy and recognized a pattern of calculation mistakes which occurred if one tried to convert the old coordinates from Ptolemy into modern cartographical maps.

* With equipment for the analysis, processing and continual calculation and tracking of coordinates by triangulation and chronometrical-hyperbolic method.

#* Accurate, surveyed coordinates for the cell site towers allow better knowledge of local ionospheric conditions and other conditions affecting the GPS signal than the GPS receiver alone, enabling more precise calculation of position.

This allows for the calculation of equilibrium geometries – the nuclear coordinates where the forces acting upon the nuclei, due to the electrons and other nuclei, vanish.

The new calculation requires that conjunction occur before sunset in Mecca, Saudi Arabia and that moon set on the following day must take place after sunset.

Since capital goods and labor are highly heterogeneous ( i. e. they have different characteristics that pertain to physical productivity ), economic calculation requires a common basis for comparison for all forms of capital and labour.

where TH is the time horizon over which the calculation is considered ; a < sub > x </ sub > is the radiative efficiency due to a unit increase in atmospheric abundance of the substance ( i. e., Wm < sup >− 2 </ sup > kg < sup >− 1 </ sup >) and is the time-dependent decay in abundance of the substance following an instantaneous release of it at time t = 0.

The cycle was used in the Babylonian calendar, ancient Chinese calendar systems ( the ' Rule Cycle ' 章 ), the medieval computus ( i. e. the calculation of the date of Easter ) and still regulates the 19-year cycle of intercalary months in the Hebrew calendar.

During the clamp, the plasma tracer concentrations enable the calculation of whole-body insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism, as well as the production of glucose by the body ( i. e., endogenous glucose production ).

Multiplying by the molar mass constant ensures that the calculation is dimensionally correct: atomic weights are dimensionless quantities ( i. e., pure numbers ) whereas molar masses have units ( in this case, grams / mole ).

The mutual inductance by circuit i on circuit j is given by the double integral Neumann formula, see calculation techniques

with t the day of calculation ; N the number of constituent shares in the index ( usually 40 ); Q < sub > i, t </ sub > the number of shares of company i on day t ; F < sub > i, t </ sub > the free float factor of share i ; f < sub > i, t </ sub > the capping factor of share i ( exactly 1 for all companies not subject to the 15 % cap ); C < sub > i, t </ sub > the price of share i on day t ; Q < sub > i, 0 </ sub > the number of shares of company i on the index base date ; C < sub > i, 0 </ sub > the price of equity i on the index base date ; and K < sub > t </ sub > the " adjustment coefficient for base capitalization " on day t ( reflecting the switch from the French franc to the Euro in 1999 ).

At the regional or national level ( i. e. above the constituency level ) several different calculation methods have been used:

At the regional or national level ( i. e. above the constituency level ) several different calculation methods have been used, but the basic characteristic of the MMP is that the total number of seats in the assembly, including the single-member seats and not only the party-list ones, are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes the party received in the party portion of the ballot.

Furthermore if the x < sub > i </ sub > are distributed equidistantly the calculation of the divided differences becomes significantly easier.

Let there be N individuals, and to keep this calculation simple, let the individuals be haploid ( i. e. have one copy of each gene ).

It was necessary to produce algebra in a more geometrical way, i. e. to give it a rigorous foundation and, on the other hand, it was necessary to give geometry a more algebraic sense, allowing the analytical calculation in the plane.