Whenever any result is sought by its aid, the question will then arise — By what course of calculation can these results be arrived at by the machine in the shortest time?

* In arithmetic overflow, a calculation results in a number larger than the allocated memory permits.

When other methods of calculation are used, it is conventional ( although not obligatory ) to quote the results on a scale that covers the same range of numerical values: this is known as an electronegativity in Pauling units.

It was intended to check and verify calculation results of such computers.

* Labour Force Sample Surveys are the most preferred method of unemployment rate calculation since they give the most comprehensive results and enables calculation of unemployment by different group categories such as race and gender.

If they are describing experiments or calculations, they must supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiment or calculation to verify the results.

This also allows the viscometer to have more than 1 set of marks to allow for an immediate timing of the time it takes to reach the 3rd mark, therefore yielding 2 timings and allowing for subsequent calculation of Determinability to ensure accurate results.

The results enable the calculation of various properties, such as the mean spacing between atoms and the creation of various collision products.

Fractal art is a form of algorithmic art created by calculating fractal objects and representing the calculation results as still images, animations, and media.

In centroid defuzzification the values are OR'd, that is, the maximum value is used and values are not added, and the results are then combined using a centroid calculation.

For example, this material has a high thermal inertia, or thermal inertia plays an important role in this system, which means that dynamic effects are prevalent in a model, so that a steady-state calculation will yield inaccurate results.

In analog computers, high precision potentiometers are used to scale intermediate results by desired constant factors, or to set initial conditions for a calculation.

For example, the identity ⅓ + ⅓ + ⅓ = ( 1 + 1 + 1 )/ 3 appears to fail if the addition is conducted in decimal arithmetic ; however, if many significant digits are used, the calculation will result in a closer approximation to the correct results.

The fundamental results the researchers obtained established Turing computability as the correct formalization of the informal idea of effective calculation.

As with any formal calculation, invalid results may be obtained.

Intuition has no possible connection with an empirical calculation of results, and Hutcheson in adopting such a criterion practically denies his fundamental assumption.

While in theory the LMP concepts are useful and not evidently subject to manipulation, in practice system operators have substantial discretion over LMP results through the ability to classify units as running in " out-of-merit dispatch ", which are thereby excluded from the LMP calculation.

Sometimes a single calculation can be achieved in several ways, all of which are algebraically equivalent in terms of ideal real or complex numbers, but in practice when performed on digital computers yield different results.

Before calculators were cheap and plentiful, people would use mathematical tables — lists of numbers showing the results of calculation with varying arguments — to simplify and drastically speed up computation.

A calculation is a deliberate process for transforming one or more inputs into one or more results, with variable change.

To minimize the contribution of loop diagrams to a given calculation ( and therefore make it easier to extract results ), one chooses a renormalization point close to the energies and momenta actually exchanged in the interaction.

If codes designed for x87 are ported to the lower precision double precision SSE2 floating point, certain combinations of math operations or input datasets can result in measurable numerical deviation, which can be an issue in reproducible scientific computations, e. g. if the calculation results must be compared against results generated from a different machine architecture.

This equation quickly enables the calculation of the Gibbs free energy change for a chemical reaction at any temperature T < sub > 2 </ sub > with knowledge of just the Standard Gibbs free energy change of formation and the Standard enthalpy change of formation for the individual components.

Algoritmi, the translator's rendition of the author's name, gave rise to the word algorithm ( Latin algorithmus, " calculation method ").

Detailed calculation of the efficiency of a hydropower turbine will account for the head lost due to flow friction in the power canal or penstock, rise in tail water level due to flow, the location of the plant and effect of varying gravity, the temperature and barometric pressure of the air, the density of the water at ambient temperature, and the altitudes above sea level of the forebay and tailbay.

If one wanted to predict exactly how high a thrown ball would rise or exactly where and when it would hit the ground, it would be necessary to make a detailed calculation based on precise information about the ball, the altitude, the wind, and the force of the initial throw.

This calculation implies a repulsive gravitational field, giving rise to expansion, if indeed the vacuum ground state has non-zero energy.

* 825-Al-Khawarizmi described the algorism, algorithms for using the Hindu-Arabic numerals, in his treatise On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals, which was translated into Latin as Algoritmi de numero Indorum, where " Algoritmi ", the translator's rendition of the author's name gave rise to the word algorithm ( Latin algorithmus ) with a meaning " calculation method "

The aim of this section is the calculation of rise time of step response for some simple systems: all notations and assumptions required for the following analysis are listed here.

However, the proper calculation for rise time from 0 to 100 % of an under-damped 2nd-order system is:

Also, this equivalent circuit is useful when describing the behavior of the avalanche transistor near its turn on time, where collector currents and voltages are still near their quiescent values: in the real circuit it permits the calculation of time constants and therefore rise and fall times of the waveform.

Although the Af calculation is obvious by analogy with that for gravitational field and osmotic pressure, it is interesting to confirm it by a method which can be generalized to include related effects.

The 1 / 4 abacus, which is suited to decimal calculation, appeared circa 1930, and became widespread as the Japanese abandoned hexadecimal weight calculation which was still common in China.

There are typically three mathematical forms for the radial functions R ( r ) which can be chosen as a starting point for the calculation of the properties of atoms and molecules with many electrons.

The 1976 definition of the astronomical unit was incomplete, in particular because it does not specify the frame of reference in which time is to be measured, but proved practical for the calculation of ephemerides: a fuller definition that is consistent with general relativity was proposed, and " vigorous debate " ensued until in August 2012 the International Astronomical Union adopted the current definition of 1 astronomical unit = 149597870700 meters.

* Dry basis, an expression of a calculation in which the presence of water is ignored

Sacrifice bunts ( sacrifice hits since 1954 ), which would lower a batter's on-base percentage, are not included in the calculation for on-base percentage, as bunting is an offensive strategy – often dictated by the manager – the use of which does not necessarily reflect on the batter's ability and should not be used to penalize him.

For calendric purposes, Bede made a new calculation of the age of the world since the creation, which he dated as 3952 BC.

In 1935, H. H. James and A. S. Coolidge carried out a calculation on the dihydrogen molecule that, unlike all previous calculation which used functions only of the distance of the electron from the atomic nucleus, used functions which also explicitly added the distance between the two electrons.

For example, most ab initio calculations make the Born – Oppenheimer approximation, which greatly simplifies the underlying Schrödinger equation by assuming that the nuclei remain in place during the calculation.

The simplest type of ab initio electronic structure calculation is the Hartree – Fock ( HF ) scheme, an extension of molecular orbital theory, in which the correlated electron – electron repulsion is not specifically taken into account ; only its average effect is included in the calculation.

Koenig's software translated the calculation of mathematical equations into codes which represented musical notation.

The ' dynamics ' contribution is based on the idea of work, which is not used in the above rules of calculation.

Part of the reason that Hayek stressed the knowledge problem was also because he was mainly concerned with debating the proposal for Market Socialism and the Lange Model by Oskar R. Lange ( 1938 ) and Hayek's student Abba Lerner ( 1934, 1937, 1938 ), which was developed in response to the calculation argument.

" The problem of economic calculation arises in an economy which is perpetually subject to change ...

At a summit in Aleppo, Syria, in 1997, the World Council of Churches ( WCC ) proposed a reform in the calculation of Easter which would have replaced the present divergent practices of calculating Easter with modern scientific knowledge taking into account actual astronomical instances of the spring equinox and full moon based on the meridian of Jerusalem, while also following the Council of Nicea position of Easter being on the Sunday following the full moon.

Extended Erlang B is an iterative calculation, rather than a formula, that adds an extra parameter, the Recall Factor, which defines the recall attempts.