One of the first technological precursors of film is the pinhole camera, followed by the more advanced camera obscura, which was first described in detail by Alhazen in his Book of Optics ( 1021 ), and later perfected by Giambattista della Porta.

Using camera obscura, it was possible to project a moving image, but there was no means of recording the image for later viewing.

In optics, Shen Kuo independently developed a camera obscura.

This was a step towards the first permanent photograph from nature taken with a camera obscura, in 1826.

In the 6th century AD, Byzantine mathematician Anthemius of Tralles used a type of camera obscura in his experiments, Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhazen ) ( 965 – 1040 ) studied the camera obscura and pinhole camera, Albertus Magnus ( 1193 – 1280 ) discovered silver nitrate, and Georges Fabricius ( 1516 – 71 ) discovered silver chloride.

The discovery of the ' camera obscura ' that provides an image of a scene is very old, dating back to ancient China.

So the invention of photography was really concerned with finding a means to fix and retain the image in the camera obscura.

Renaissance painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates Western Art.

The camera obscura literally means " dark chamber " in Latin.

He made the first permanent photograph from nature ( his View from the Window at Le Gras ) with a camera obscura in 1826.

The camera ( or ' camera obscura ') is a dark room or chamber from which, as far as possible, all light is excluded except the light that forms the image.

Generally considered the earliest surviving stabilized photograph of a scene from nature taken with a camera obscura.

A three tier belvedere built in 1891 survives ; it was built on the site of a camera obscura, probably built in the 1830s, which showed views of the harbour.

His book represents the earliest known writing about the magnetic compass, movable type printing, experimentation with the camera obscura only decades after Ibn al-Haytham, and includes many different fields of study in essay and encyclopedic form, including geology, astronomy, botany, zoology, mineralogy, anatomy, pharmacology, geography, optics, economics, military strategy, philosophy, etc.

* The camera obscura

The pair soon invented camera obscura telescopy so as to save their eyes and get a better view of the solar disk, and observed that the spots moved.

A drawing of a camera obscura

A projection of an image of the New Royal Palace in Prague Castle created with a camera obscura

The term camera comes from the word camera obscura ( Latin for " dark chamber "), an early mechanism for projecting images.

The name camera obscura, Latin for " dark room ", derives from this early implementation of the optical phenomenon.

The camera then switches to Rogers and Astaire who bound down to the stage to perform a two minute dance, all shot in one take, with the Astaire-Pan choreography separately referencing the basic melody and the Latin vamp in the accompaniment.

In government, bicameralism ( Latin bi, two + camera, chamber ) is the practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers compromise bills.

( Note that all but the first of these examples are taken from Latin roots — sapio, amo, bellus, lingua, ludus — as are " room " and " sleep " below — camera and dormio — while " good " and the root for " air " below come from German: gut, luft.

The term " camera lucida " ( Latin " light room " as opposed to camera obscura " dark room ") is Wollaston's.

The name " camera lucida " ( Latin for " light chamber ") is obviously intended to recall the much older drawing aid, the camera obscura ( Latin for " dark chamber ").

In camera ( Latin: " in a chamber ") is a legal term meaning " in private ".

This status included imperial protection and the levying of special taxes on the Jews for the Empire's treasury ( Latin: camera regis ).

Soulwax filmed 120 shows with one camera in Europe, Japan, US, Latin America and Australia.

The word is formed of the Latin ante camera, meaning " room before ".

It's like focusing a camera ; ;

These include psychometry ( establishing the history of an object ), slate writing ( common in Victorian times ), extras appearing in photographs ( seemingly no more ; possibly since the advent of compound camera lenses using plastic as well as quartz-glass ) and a long list of other curiosities.

Diffraction can also be a concern in some technical applications ; it sets a fundamental limit to the resolution of a camera, telescope, or microscope.

In 1893 at the Chicago World's Fair, Thomas Edison introduced to the public two pioneering inventions based on this innovation ; the Kinetograph – the first practical moving picture camera – and the Kinetoscope.

She is, however, portrayed as being very hypocritical ; in The Invisible Man ( series 1 ), she has no issues with violating peoples ' privacy when she runs a story using a hidden camera to catch shoplifters in a store change room, but is outraged when a rival network violates her own privacy in the same way when broadcasting a similar story.

* Image processing to remove periodic or anisotropic artifacts such as jaggies from interlaced video, stripe artifacts from strip aerial photography, or wave patterns from radio frequency interference in a digital camera ;

He retrieved a cosmic dust-collecting panel from the side of the Agena, but returned no pictures of his close encounter ; in the complicated business of keeping his tether clear of the Gemini and Agena, Collins ' Hasselblad camera worked itself free and drifted off into orbit.

In 1951, he summed up his vision as follows: " If the camera is to make a contribution at all to dance, this must be the focal point of its contribution ; the fluid background, giving each spectator an undistorted and altogether similar view of dancer and background.

The despun section's instruments included the camera system ; the near infrared mapping spectrometer to make multi-spectral images for atmospheric and moon surface chemical analysis ; the ultraviolet spectrometer to study gases ; and the photo-polarimeter radiometer to measure radiant and reflected energy.

A scan is also performed, wherein images ( typically a center, left and right angle ) are taken of the contrasted thyroid gland with a gamma camera ; a radiologist will read and prepare a report indicating the uptake % and comments after examining the images.

Occasionally, an image is deliberately windowboxed for stylistic effect ; for example, the documentary-style sequence of the film Rent suggest an older-format camera representing the 4: 3 aspect ratio, and the opening sequence of the Oliver Stone film JFK features pillar boxing to represent the 1960s era 4: 3 television footage.

This was done " in camera " using a hand-built model starship and miniature pyrotechnics ; clearly this was influenced by the epic film Star Wars.

She has just been humiliated and remembers her father arriving home from work one day when she was a child ; after he picks her up and spins her around, the camera pans over to a passing truck and tilts up to the sky.

Quake II demo editors became available in 1998 ; in particular, Keygrip 2. 0 introduced " recamming ", the ability to adjust camera locations after recording.

The first color NTSC television camera was the RCA TK-40, used for experimental broadcasts in 1953 ; an improved version, the TK-40A, introduced in March 1954, was the first commercially available color television camera.

While Fox launched an investigation, Abdul received numerous calls of support from celebrities, including Oprah Winfrey and Kelly Ripa ; Barbara Walters even addressed the camera during an episode of ABC's The View to say she was sad to be part of an operation that would report Clark's flimsy tabloid claims under the guise of a news story.

Changes in screen angle ( panning ) may be necessary to prevent closeups between two speakers where only one person is visible in the pan-and-scan version and both participants seem to speak alternately to persons off camera ; this comes at the cost of losing the smoothness of scenes.

The gate mechanism of his camera jammed ; the traffic continued moving normally but Méliès's camera stopped filming until he could free the gate mechanism.

For example, he would film a magician and a girl ; the magician would make a gesture and Melies stopped the camera.