Cloning involves the removal of the nucleus from one cell and its placement in an unfertilized egg cell whose nucleus has either been deactivated or removed.

After a few divisions, the egg cell is placed into a uterus where it is allowed to develop into a fetus that is genetically identical to the donor of the original nucleus.

Distinct types of membranes also create intracellular organelles: endosome ; smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum ; sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Golgi apparatus ; lysosome ; mitochondrion ( inner and outer membranes ); nucleus ( inner and outer membranes ); peroxisome ; vacuole ; cytoplasmic granules ; cell vesicles ( phagosome, autophagosome, clathrin-coated vesicles, COPI-coated and COPII-coated vesicles ) and secretory vesicles ( including synaptosome, acrosomes, melanosomes, and chromaffin granules ).

The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance residing within the cell membrane holding all the cell's internal sub-structures ( called organelles ), outside the nucleus.

All the contents of the cells of prokaryote organisms ( which lack a cell nucleus ) are contained within the cytoplasm.

Within the cells of eukaryote organisms the contents of the cell nucleus are separated from the cytoplasm, and are then called the nucleoplasm.

HeLa cells stained for the cell nucleus DNA with the Blue Hoechst stain | Hoechst dye.

In cell biology, the nucleus ( pl.

The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression — the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell.

The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and unifies its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nucleoskeleton ( which includes nuclear lamina ), a meshwork within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole.

In 1838, Matthias Schleiden proposed that the nucleus plays a role in generating cells, thus he introduced the name " Cytoblast " ( cell builder ).

In mammalian cells, the average diameter of the nucleus is approximately 6 micrometers ( μm ), which occupies about 10 % of the total cell volume.

* Reproduction-Made possible by the combination of sperm made in the testiculi ( contained in some male cells ' nuclei ) and the egg made in the ovary ( contained in the nucleus of a female cell ).

It also contains ribosomes ; however most of its proteins are encoded by genes contained in the host cell nucleus, with the protein products transported to the chloroplast.

This allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus.

The contents of a eukaryotic cell within the cell membrane, excluding the cell nucleus and other organelles ( e. g. mitochondria, plastides, lumen of ER etc.

It was just as well that the ignorant Dandy enjoyed himself to the hilt that first evening, for the room was to become his prison cell.

Together they also developed a new form of voltaic cell in which the wooden trough was replaced by one of copper, thereby producing stronger currents.

The light was filtered by the soft glass window of the thermostat thus ensuring that only light absorbed by the chlorine and not by the carbon tetrachloride could enter the reaction cell.

It was possible to make estimates of the quantum yield by observing the extent of reduction of a uranyl oxalate actinometer solution illuminated for a known time in a typical reaction cell and making appropriate conversions based on the differences in the absorption spectra of uranyl oxalate and of chlorine, and considering the spectral distribution of the light source.

In series 1, the relative light intensity was varied by varying the distance of the lamp from the reaction cell over the range from 14.7 to 29.2 cm..

Paper electrophoresis was carried out on the concentrated samples in a Spinco model R cell using barbital buffer, pH 8.6, ionic strength 0.075, at room temperature on Whatman 3MM filter paper.

If Af was assigned as the information cell for Af, the routine can detect that Af is identical to Af by comparing Af with the form stored at location Af.

The non-identity of serum and red blood cell arylesterase was also established.

The kindness of some monks supplied him with his first workshop, which was the vacant cell of a monastery.

Finally, a caspase 3 knock-out was characterized by ectopic cell masses in the brain and abnormal apoptotic features such as membrane blebbing or nuclear fragmentation.

It was originally believed that the associated accumulation of cells was due to an increase in cellular proliferation, but it is now known that it is also due to a decrease in cell death.

It was unclear how the Sultan got hold of scissors in his tower prison cell and how he managed to cut two wrists at once, since no autopsy was allowed afterwards.

The Oki 900 was the ultimate tool of cell phone hackers because it could listen in to AMPS phone calls right out of the box with no hardware modifications.

This was a large increase with the number of cell phones almost doubling from the 250, 000 in use in 2006.

The idea of this name was proposed by Jim Kardach who developed a system that would allow cell phones to communicate with computers ( at the time he was reading Frans Gunnar Bengtsson's historical novel The Long Ships about Vikings and king Harald Bluetooth ).

The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665.

B. subtilis is the first bacterium for which the role of an actin-like cytoskeleton in cell shape determination and peptidoglycan synthesis was identified, and for which the entire set of peptidoglycan-synthesizing enzymes was localised.

This was the first time it was suggested that an individual develops from a ( single ) nucleated cell.

In this way he discovered the electrochemical series, and the law that the electromotive force ( emf ) of a galvanic cell, consisting of a pair of metal electrodes separated by electrolyte, is the difference between their two electrode potentials ( thus, two identical electrodes and a common electrolyte give zero net emf ).

also written von Haeckel, was an eminent German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including anthropogeny, ecology, phylum, phylogeny, stem cell, and the kingdom Protista.

The principle of the fuel cell was discovered by German scientist Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838 and published in one of the scientific magazines of the time.

* 2005: Researchers at Kingston University in England claim to have discovered a third category of stem cell, dubbed cord-blood-derived embryonic-like stem cells ( CBEs ), derived from umbilical cord blood.

Many proteins important in human biology were first discovered by studying their homologues in yeast ; these proteins include cell cycle proteins, signaling proteins, and protein-processing enzymes.

* September – Robert Hooke's Micrographia published in London, first applying the term ' cell ' to plant tissue, which he discovered first in cork, then in living organisms, using a microscope.

* If lead-acid batteries are used, all cells in the formerly good parallel strings will begin to sulfate due to the inability for them to be fully recharged, resulting in the storage capacity of these cells being permanently damaged, even if the damaged cell in the one degraded string is eventually discovered and replaced with a new one.

He also recognized the importance of the cell nucleus, discovered in 1831 by the Scottish botanist Robert Brown, and sensed its connection with cell division.

Over the next 20 years, little was discovered about the importance of PIP < sub > 2 </ sub > metabolism in terms of cell signalling, until the mid-1970s when Robert H. Mitchell hypothesized a connection between the catabolism of PIP < sub > 2 </ sub > and increases in intracellular calcium ( Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup >) levels.

However, in 2011, it was announced that an investigation had discovered cell phone text messages indicating that some matches had been fixed.

The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665.

However, upon examining methylation patterns more closely, the authors discovered 1175 regions of differential CG dinucleotide methylation between at least one ES or iPS cell line.

When it was discovered that in most mammals immature B cells are formed in bone marrow, the word B cell continued to be used, although other blood cells also originate from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow.

Many proteins important in human biology were first discovered by studying their homologs in yeast ; these proteins include cell cycle proteins, signaling proteins, and protein-processing enzymes.

Potential drugs, for example, first have to be discovered, purified, characterized, and tested in labs ( in cell and animal studies ) before ever undergoing clinical trials.

Returning to MIT, his lab discovered that bacteriocins achieve this impairment by forming holes in the cell membrane, allowing ions to flow through and destroy the electrochemical gradient of cells.

He discovered a new type of cell, to be named after him: the interstitial cell of Cajal ( ICC ).

He specialized in subcellular biochemistry and cell biology and discovered peroxisomes and lysosomes, cell organelles.

In reality, Boy is actually being deprogrammed by a separate cell of Invisibles who discovered that she had been brainwashed by the Outer Church to deliver the Hand to them.

Owing to its ease and economy of cultivation, the Neff strain of A. castellanii discovered in a pond in Golden Gate Park in the 1960s, has been effectively used as a classic model organism in the field of cell biology.