* any member of a class of plaintiffs is a citizen of a State different from any defendant ; or

* any member of a class of plaintiffs is a foreign state or a citizen or subject of a foreign state and any defendant is a citizen of a State ; or

* any member of a class of plaintiffs is a citizen of a State and any defendant is a foreign state or a citizen or subject of a foreign state.

Charles Baudelaire, in the later, " metaphysical " phase of dandyism defined the dandy as one who elevates æsthetics to a living religion, that the dandy's mere existence reproaches the responsible citizen of the middle class: " Dandyism in certain respects comes close to spirituality and to stoicism " and " These beings have no other status, but that of cultivating the idea of beauty in their own persons, of satisfying their passions, of feeling and thinking ....

British nationality law defines six classes of British national, among which " British citizen " is one class ( and the only one having the right of abode in the United Kingdom ).

With the repetition of responsibility to the desperation of the lower class, Plautus establishes himself firmly on the side of the average Roman citizen.

Mulier is typically given to a woman of citizen class and of marriageable age or who has already been married.

The agoge, the education of the ruling class, was, they claim, founded on pederastic relationships required of each citizen, with the lover responsible for the boy's training.

Azerbaijan's telephone system is a combination of old Soviet era technology used by Azerbaijani citizens and small-to medium-size commercial establishments, and modern cellular telephones used by an increasing middle class, large commercial ventures, international companies, and most government officials ; the average citizen waits on a 200, 000-person list for telephone service ; Internet and e-mail service are available in all major cities and some remote towns.

In doing so, they became a half-free class of Roman citizen known as coloni.

A new constitution enfranchised the artisan class, opened minor civic offices to selection by lot and granted every citizen in good standing the right to a vote in a new parliament, the Consiglio Maggiore, or Great Council.

This law required every able-bodied male Japanese citizen, regardless of class, to serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves.

This elevated the citizen to the property class of zeugitai.

After 487 BC the archonships were assigned by lot to any citizen and the Polemarch's military duties were taken over by new class of generals known as stratēgoí.

The American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ) policy yielded the cessation of legal slavery in the U. S., however not the intent of a different class of citizen.

Associated as the music of refined, wealthy and educated high class citizen, the exclusive and prestigious classical music never penetrate the whole population during East Indies colonial era.

The Century Assembly was organized as an Assembly, as every Roman citizen with the required wealth could vote, regardless of class.

This " reverse support " helped CP / CMS concepts survive and evolve, despite VM's " second class citizen " status at IBM.

The first Estates General ( not to be confused with a " class of citizen ") was actually a general citizen assembly that was called by Philip IV in 1302.

Ukr mischanyn. jpg | Ukrainian lower middle class citizen in a blue żupan.

Other than Roman citizens, a Greek citizen of one of the Greek cities had the highest status, and a rural Egyptian would be in the lowest class.

Cerdic, who is of both Germanic and British descent and raised as a Roman citizen, served in his army as a young man.

Also, Paul is even proclaims that he is a Roman citizen ( Acts 16: 37-40 ; 22: 25-9 ).

Paul asserts his right, as a Roman citizen, to be tried in Rome.

To that end, he adopted the title of Princeps (" first citizen ") and some years after the victory was awarded the title of Augustus by the Roman Senate.

Thus, Octavian's victory at the Battle of Actium gave him sole and uncontested control of " Mare Nostrum " ( Our Sea i. e. the Roman Mediterannean ) and he became " Augustus Caesar " and the " first citizen " of Rome.

The axe often represents the power over life or death through the death penalty, although after the laws of the twelve tables, no Roman magistrate could summarily execute a Roman citizen.

The Punic Wars of the late 3rd century BCE – in particular the near-catastrophic defeat of Roman arms at Cannae – had long lasting effects on the Republic, its citizen armies, and the development of the gladiatorial munera.

In 71, he went to Rome in the entourage of Titus, becoming a Roman citizen and client of the ruling Flavian dynasty ( hence he is often referred to as Flavius Josephus — see below ).

It would have suited custom if the first of Ptolemy's family to become a citizen ( whether he or an ancestor ) took the nomen from a Roman called Claudius who was responsible for granting citizenship.

He was a Roman citizen, but most scholars conclude that Ptolemy was ethnically Greek, although some suggest he was a Hellenized Egyptian.

When King Aistulf of the Lombards availed himself of the Italian dissent and invaded the Exarchate of Ravenna in 751, one of his first acts was to institute a crushing poll tax of one gold solidus per head on every Roman citizen.

Romulus ' father Orestes was a Roman citizen, originally from Pannonia, who had served as a secretary and diplomat for Attila the Hun and later rose through the ranks of the Roman army.

* jus civile, Jus gentium, and jus naturale-the jus civile (" citizen law ", originally jus civile Quiritium ) was the body of common laws that applied to Roman citizens and the Praetores Urbani, the individuals who had jurisdiction over cases involving citizens.

The individual could have been a Roman citizen ( status civitatis ) unlike foreigners, or he could have been free ( status libertatis ) unlike slaves, or he could have had a certain position in a Roman family ( status familiae ) either as the head of the family ( pater familias ), or some lower member.

He had to be a Roman male citizen.

According to it, the clan was founded during the 1st century BC by Pah-Peh-Rheo, an Egyptian, who had become a Roman citizen as Petronius Paperonius.

Likely born a free Roman citizen, by his own account Vitruvius served the Roman army under Julius Caesar with the otherwise poorly identified Marcus Aurelius, Publius Minidius, and Gnaeus Cornelius.

The end of the century witnessed the reforming of the Roman Army from a citizen army to a voluntary professional force, under the guidance of the great general and statesman Gaius Marius —( Marian Reforms ).

Cicero for example, described crucifixion as " a most cruel and disgusting punishment ", and suggested that " the very mention of the cross should be far removed not only from a Roman citizen ’ s body, but from his mind, his eyes, his ears.

Today, more than ever before, the survival of our free society depends upon the citizen who is both informed and concerned.

In this same society, the plain citizen can with an average of only one-fifth his income buy more calories than he can consume.

A habit of one group in society was thus codified as a law for the whole citizen body, which thus lost one axis of openness.

... t is to the property of the citizen, and not to the demands of the creditor of the state, that the first and original faith of civil society is pledged.

In Trop v. Dulles,, the Supreme Court held that punishing a natural-born citizen for a crime by taking away his citizenship is unconstitutional, being " more primitive than torture " because it involved the " total destruction of the individual's status in organized society.

Pericles had such a profound influence on Athenian society that Thucydides, his contemporary historian, acclaimed him as " the first citizen of Athens ".

* Overloaded hospitals may not discharge a patient unable to pay to make room for a patient who is able to pay or is otherwise viewed by society as a more valued citizen.

Various perceptions and images on NGOs are provided, and usually implemented in an image as ' non-state actors ' or ' influential representatives of civil society that advocate the citizen.

In 1890, when the provisions for Swiss national citizen lawmaking were being debated by civil society and government, the Swiss adopted the idea of double majorities from the United States Congress, in which House votes were to represent the people and Senate votes were to represent the states ( Kobach, 1993 ).

Quite a significant number of the citizen groupings known collectively as the antifascist ' partisan movement ' that did much to defeat fascist forces during the war, were politically communist-oriented or otherwise radical left in political views, such as left communists and anarchists – continuing to a great extent the political spirit of the failed Republican forces that fought Franco during the Spanish Civil War and the anarchist forces who briefly established a social-anarchist society in Catalonia, among other similar precedents.

It was argued that both for the benefit of the private citizen, and for the costs to society of future possible childbirths, eugenics were a sound and moral way to proceed.

They point out that if society changed in a way that hurt high earners more than low ones, then relative poverty would decrease, but every citizen of the society would be worse off.

In this new work Illich generalized the themes that he had previously applied to the field of education: the institutionalization of specialized knowledge, the dominant role of technocratic elites in industrial society, and the need to develop new instruments for the reconquest of practical knowledge by the average citizen.

In providing for Indian reservations, Congress and the Office of Indian Affairs hoped to de-tribalize Native Americans and prepare them for integration with the rest of American society, the " ultimate incorporation into the great body of our citizen population.

Beginning roughly in the 1960s, the wholesale privatization of public space ( especially in urban centers ) has become a fact of western society, and has faced criticism from citizen groups such as the Open Spaces Society.

Its activities permeated Albanian society to the extent that every third citizen had either served time in labor camps or been interrogated by Sigurimi officers.

Manovich and Castells have argued that whereas mass media " corresponded to the logic of industrial mass society, which values conformity over individuality ," ( Manovich 2001: 41 ) new media follows the logic of the postindustrial or globalized society whereby " every citizen can construct her own custom lifestyle and select her ideology from a large number of choices.

In contrast, in an open society each citizen needs to engage in critical thinking, which requires freedom of thought and expression and the cultural and legal institutions that can facilitate this.

She has argued that " I don't think you can be a proper citizen of our society in the future if you are not engaged online.

The purpose of gradually providing opportunities for increased independence is to enable all children to take care of themselves as “ becoming adults ,” to be capable of making responsible decisions, to participate productively in society as an active citizen, and to take care of other people who will need his her help .”

Hobbs was a short and slight man, whose civilian life was that of a successful citizen who had a full realization of his responsibilities to the society of which he was a member.

For example, another conception defines it in terms of a set of competencies that an informed citizen of an information society ought to possess to participate intelligently and actively in that society.