* Battle of Meloria: The Italian city-state of Genoa defeats its rival Pisa, ending Pisa's marine power and hastening the city's decline in power.

* 1284 – The Italian city-state of Genoa defeats its rival Pisa in the naval Battle of Meloria, ending Pisa's marine power and hastening the city's decline in power.

In 1284 the Pisans were defeated by the Genoese fleet at the Battle of Meloria, and the city was able to free itself: it became the first and only early independendant renaissance city-state of Sardinia, with statutes of its own, allied to Genoa ; the Genoese were pleased to see it thus withdrawn from Pisan control.

Before 1100, Genoa emerged as an independent city-state, one of a number of Italian city-states during this period.

The Republic of Genoa had a separate class, much smaller, of nobility, originating with rural magnates who joined their interests with the fledgling city-state.

* Gemeinderat of Vienna ( statehood granted late ; not unlike Berlin, it is identical to its municipal ' Gemeinderat ', as the federal capital is a city-state: state and municipality at the same time )

The term ' democracy ' first appeared in ancient Greek political and philosophical thought in the city-state of Athens.

The name of the region also survives in the tribal designation of the ancient population of Latins, Latini in the Latin language spoken by them and passed on to the city-state of Ancient Rome.

Two monarchs have ruled simultaneously in some countries, as in the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta or the joint sovereignty of spouses or relatives ( e. g., William and Mary of Kingdom of England and Scotland, Peter and Ivan of Russia, Charles and Joanna of Castile, etc.

He argued that bureaucratic political and economic systems emerging in the Middle Ages were essential in the rise of modern capitalism ( including rational book-keeping and organization of formally free labour ), while they were a hindrance in the case of ancient capitalism, which had a different social and political structure based on conquest, slavery, and the coastal city-state.

In the time of the ancient Greeks, Sparta was an oligarchy that clashed with the democratic city-state of Athens, ( these two nations eventually clashed in the Peloponnesian war in which Sparta defeated Athens causing the city state to rule much of Greece for some time ).

)</ ref > Akkadian: Uru ) was an important Sumerian city-state in ancient Mesopotamia located at the site of modern Tell el-Muqayyar in Iraq's Dhi Qar Governorate.

Sparta ( Doric: ; Attic: ), or Lacedaemon, was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the banks of the Eurotas River in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese.

One of the earliest antecedents of modern jury systems are juries in ancient Greece, including the city-state of Athens, where records of jury courts date back to 500 BCE.

During the second year of the Peloponnesian War ( 430 BC ), the city-state of Athens in ancient Greece was hit by a devastating epidemic, known as the Plague of Athens, which killed, among others, Pericles and his two elder sons.

Nicosia later became a city-state known as Ledra or Ledrae, one of the twelve kingdoms of ancient Cyprus built by Achaeans after the end of the Trojan War.

* Marion, Cyprus, an ancient city-state

They were purportedly built in the ancient city-state of Babylon, near present-day Al Hillah, Babil province, in Iraq.

Salamis () was an ancient Greek city-state on the east coast of Cyprus, at the mouth of the river Pedieos, 6 km north of modern Famagusta.

Sparta was a prominent city-state in ancient Greece.

*" Sicyon: The most ancient Greek city-state ", Ellen Papakyriakou / Anagnostou.

* An ancient city in the Troad, listed as a colony of the city-state of Miletus by Anaximenes of Lampsacus

* Eri ( divine king ), the progenitor of the Nri-Igbo ancient Nigerian city-state

In modern historiography " polis " is normally used to indicate the ancient Greek city-states, like Classical Athens and its contemporaries, so polis is often translated as " city-state.

In ancient Greece, the term metic ( Greek métoikos: from metá, indicating change, and oîkos " dwelling ") referred to a resident alien, one who did not have citizen rights in his or her Greek city-state ( polis ) of residence.

The status of the helots in the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta resembled that of the medieval serfs.

The city was named after the ancient Greek city-state.

Historical examples include the oldest known Sumerian cities of Mesopotamia and Ur, the Phoenician cities of Canaan ( such as Tyre and Sidon ), the Berber city-states of the Garamantes, the city-states of ancient Greece ( the poleis such as Athens, Sparta, Thebes, and Corinth ), the Roman Republic which grew from a city-state into a great power, the Maya of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica ( including sites such as Chichen Itza, Tikal, Palenque and El Mirador ), the central Asian cities along the Silk Road, Venice, Croatian city-state of Ragusa ( Dubrovnik ) and many others.

Among the most well-known periods of city-state culture in human history include ancient Greek city-states, and the merchant city-states of Renaissance Italy, who organised themselves in small independent centres.

Rome, a small city-state on the banks of the Tiber River traditionally founded in 753 BC, would grow to dominate the Italian Peninsula.

The pope is also head of state of Vatican City, a sovereign city-state entirely enclaved within the city of Rome.

* During the summer the people of Rome revolt against the authority of the Pope and create a republican city-state comparable to that of the other Italian cities.

Through conquest by their most populous city-state, Rome, the original Latins culturally " Romanized " or " Latinized " the rest of Italy.

Later the Latin culture became dominant, as Rome emerged as a powerful city-state around 350 BC.

Many sites associated with Veii, which were in the city-state of Veii, are also located in Formello, another comune of the Province of Rome, immediately to the north.

In 190 BC a fleet from the Greek island city-state of Rhodes, supported by Rome and Pergamum, defeated the Seleucid King Antiochus the Great's fleet, which was under the command of the fugitive Carthaginian general Hannibal.

The friendly city-state of Carthage sent a congratulatory embassy to Rome with a twenty-five pound crown for the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus.

* Vatican City, a sovereign city-state within Rome, Italy

From its origin as a city-state in Italy in the 8th century BC, to its rise as an empire covering much of Southern Europe, Western Europe, Near East and North Africa and fall in the 5th century AD, the political history of Ancient Rome was typically closely entwined with its military history.

However, archaeological evidence suggests that Rome did not acquire the character of a unified city-state ( as opposed to a number of separate hilltop settlements ) until c. 625 BC.

From its inception, Rome was a republican city-state, but four famous civil conflicts destroyed the republic: Lucius Cornelius Sulla against Gaius Marius and his son ( 88 – 82 BC ), Julius Caesar against Pompey ( 49 – 45 BC ), Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus against Mark Antony and Octavian ( 43 BC ), and Mark Antony against Octavian.

The ability to preserve a strongly centralized sense of identity while adapting to changing circumstances permitted the expansionism that took Rome from city-state to world power.

Instead of having to wait for the unavoidable revolt of a conquered people ( a tribe or a city-state ) like Sparta and the conquered Helots, Rome made the " known " ( conquered ) world Roman.

The senators wrote letters and argued for a return to traditional Roman beliefs, often stressing the protection and good fortune the old Roman gods had bestowed Rome since her beginnings as a small city-state.

One of these, Byzantium, a distant colony established on the Bosporus by the city-state of Megara, grew to supplant Rome and ultimately proved the downfall of Troy as it dominated all maritime and overland trade for almost 22 centuries.