... review, on the other hand, provide an independent and civil inquiry into the validity of a conviction and sentence, and as such are generally limited to challenges to constitutional, jurisdictional, or other fundamental violations that occurred at trial.

as state court ordered in a civil trial.

After her release she filed civil charges against her parents and the deprogrammers, which were dismissed in a trial that generated some controversy in the media.

In civil matters, generally there is no jury however, in criminal matters, the defendant can elect trial by judge and jury or judge alone.

Common civil liberties include the rights of people, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech, and additionally, the right to due process, to a trial and to privacy.

* Federal Jury Instruction Resource Page Collecting model or pattern federal civil and criminal jury instructions for trial courts by jurisdiction ( where available ) and subject matter.

The use of jury trials evolved within common law systems rather than civil law systems, has had a profound impact on the nature of American civil procedure and criminal procedure rules, even in cases where a bench trial is actually contemplated in a particular case.

For capital cases, those which involved death, the loss of liberty, exile, the loss of civil rights, or the seizure of property, the trial was before a jury of 1, 001 to 1, 501 dikastai.

Jury trials in criminal cases were a protected right in the original United States Constitution and the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Amendments of the US Constitution extend the rights to trial by jury to include the right to jury trial for both criminal and civil matters and a grand jury for serious cases.

Austria, in common with a number of European civil law jurisdictions, retains elements of trial by jury in serious criminal cases.

Jury trial is rare for civil cases, such as in Albert Cheng v Paul Tse.

English common law and the United States Constitution recognize the right to a jury trial to be a fundamental civil liberty or civil right that allows the accused to choose whether to be judged by judges or a jury.

The right to trial by jury in a civil case in federal court is addressed by the Seventh Amendment.

Importantly, however, the Seventh Amendment does not guarantee a right to a civil jury trial in state courts ( although most state constitutions guarantee such a right ).

" In Joseph Story's 1833 treatise Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, he wrote, " t is a most important and valuable amendment ; and places upon the high ground of constitutional right the inestimable privilege of a trial by jury in civil cases, a privilege scarcely inferior to that in criminal cases, which is conceded by all to be essential to political and civil liberty.

There is not a United States constitutional right under the Seventh Amendment to a jury trial in state courts, but in practice, almost every state except Louisiana, which has a civil law legal tradition, permits jury trials in civil cases in state courts on substantially the same basis that they are allowed under the Seventh Amendment in federal court.

The right to a jury trial in civil cases does not extend to the states, except when a state court is enforcing a federally created right, of which the right to trial by jury is a substantial part.

Under international pressure, President Sirleaf requested in March 2006 that Nigeria extradite Charles Taylor, who was then brought before an international tribunal in Sierra Leone to face charges of crimes against humanity, arising from events during the Sierra Leone civil war ( his trial was later transferred to The Hague for security purposes ).

Recognizing that the Rule of Law is `` a dynamic concept which should be employed not only to safeguard the civil and political rights of the individual in a free society '', the Congress asserted that it also included the responsibility `` to establish social, economic, educational and cultural conditions under which his legitimate aspirations and dignity may be realized ''.

Areas of concern included restrictions on freedom of speech, one-party control of public TV and radio, repression of independent media, unfair electoral regulations, a judiciary that is not fully independent, and lack of human and civil rights protection.

Using a separate statistical evaluation than used above for interventions, civil wars that included pro-or anti-communist forces lasted 141 % longer than the average non-Cold War conflict, while a Cold War civil war that attracted superpower intervention resulted in wars typically lasting over three times as long as other civil wars.

* French group, under which they also included the countries that codified their law either in 19th or in the first half of the 20th century, using the Napoleonic code civil of year 1804 as a model ; this includes countries and jurisdictions such as Italy, Portugal, Spain, Louisiana, states of South America ( such as Brazil ), Quebec, Santa Lucia, Romania, the Ionian Islands, Egypt, and Lebanon

Fiscal adjustment measures included downsizing the civil service, implementing a pension reform that placed the system on a much stronger financial footing, and strengthening public expenditure institutions.

In the 1920s, Fascist Italy pursued an aggressive foreign policy that included an attack on the Greek island of Corfu, aims to expand Italian territory in the Balkans, plans to wage war against Turkey and Yugoslavia, attempts to bring Yugoslavia into civil war by supporting Croat and Macedonian separatists to legitimize Italian intervention, and making Albania a de facto protectorate of Italy, which was achieved through diplomatic means by 1927.

Reasons included the need to regulate businesses and industries that span state borders, attempts to secure civil rights, and the provision of social services.

For about the next 10 years, the country saw a steady process of secular Westernization through Atatürk's Reforms, which included the unification of education ; the discontinuation of religious and other titles ; the closure of Islamic courts and the replacement of Islamic canon law with a secular civil code modeled after Switzerland's and a penal code modeled after the Italian Penal Code ; recognition of the equality between the sexes and the granting of full political rights to women on 5 December 1934 ; the language reform initiated by the newly founded Turkish Language Association ; replacement of the Ottoman Turkish alphabet with the new Turkish alphabet derived from the Latin alphabet ; the dress law ( the wearing of a fez, is outlawed ); the law on family names ; and many others.

Commencement speakers at Harvey Mudd College have included inventors, entertainers, educators, astronauts, and civil rights leaders, among others.

These included the 13th amendment, banning slavery, the 14th amendment, assuring full citizenship and civil rights to all people born in the United States, and the 15th amendment, guaranteeing African Americans the right to vote.

The UDHR included both economic, social and cultural rights and civil and political rights because it was based on the principle that the different rights could only successfully exist in combination:

Each council was also included up to three council secretaries and a number of other civil servants.

The Ottomans attempted to create peace by dividing Mt Lebanon into a Christian district and a Druze district, but this would merely create geographic powerbases for the warring parties, and it plunged the region back into civil conflict which included not only the sectarian warfare but a Maronite revolt against the Feudal class, which ended in 1858 with the overthrow of the old feudal system of taxes and levies.

Combat Aircrafts May 2011 issue included an article covering the air elements of the 2011 Libyan civil war.

It was not until 1867 that Luxembourg's independence was formally ratified, after a turbulent period which even included a brief time of civil unrest against plans to annex Luxembourg to Belgium, Germany or France.

Key events that began the Cold War included Soviet, Yugoslav, Bulgarian, and Albanian intervention in the Greek civil war on the side of the communists, and the creation of the Berlin blockade by the Soviet Union in 1948.

The legal systems of the Nordic countries are sometimes included among the civil law systems, but as a separate branch, and sometimes counted as separate from the civil law tradition.

Users and supporters included dissidents in totalitarian countries ( some affecting letters to Zimmermann have been published, some of which have been included in testimony before the US Congress ), civil libertarians in other parts of the world ( see Zimmermann's published testimony in various hearings ), and the ' free communications ' activists who called themselves cypherpunks ( who provided both publicity and distribution ), and, decades later, CryptoParty, who did much the same via Twitter.

These could have included inherent issues with revolutionary ideology, and / or the need of a weapon for political repression in a time of significant foreign and civil upheaval, leading to many different interpretations by historians.

In the Roman law ius privatum included personal, property, civil and criminal law ; judicial proceeding was private process ( iudicium privatum ); and crimes were private ( except the most severe ones that were prosecuted by the state ).

* In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the civil New Year falls on Gregorian 14 January ( 1 January in the Julian calendar ).

* October 14 – American civil rights movement leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. becomes the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded to him for leading non-violent resistance to end racial prejudice in the United States.

* October 14 – Evelio Javier, Filipino politician, lawyer, and civil servant ( d. 1986 )

* May 14 – American civil rights movement: A Freedom Riders bus is fire-bombed near Anniston, Alabama and the civil rights protestors are beaten by an angry mob.

** Bloody Sunday: The British Army kills 14 unarmed nationalist civil rights marchers in Derry, Northern Ireland.

* January 14 – Julian Bond, American civil rights activist

* October 14 – The Battle on the Elster: between the armies of the two rival brothers-in-law kings of the German states, Henry IV and Rudolf of Rheinfelden met at the Weisse-Elster River in the Great Saxon Revolt civil war of the Holy Roman Empire.

Such was his reputation as a prolific designer of highways and related bridges, he was dubbed The Colossus of Roads, and, reflecting his command of all types of civil engineering in the early 19th century, he was elected as the first President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, a post he retained for 14 years until his death.

The vacuum of power created by Sidónio Pais ’ murder on 14 December 1918, led the country to a brief civil war.

On Bloody Sunday in 1972, 14 men were killed by British soldiers during a civil rights march in Derry.

In terms of the Worst Forms of Child Labour Recommendation ratifying countries should ensure that forced or compulsory recruitment of children for use in armed conflict is a criminal offence, and also provide for other criminal, civil or administrative remedies to ensure the effective enforcement of such national legislation III ( 12 ) to ( 14 )).

* Lindbergh's United States Air Service appointment certificate as 2nd Lt with rating as " Airplane Pilot ", dtd March 14, 1925, and U. S. Department of Commerce civil airman's license as a " Transport Pilot ".

She was discovered by a prominent civil servant when, aged 14, she was performing at a market in Ljungby.

The civil township comprises most of survey townships 14 and 15 north of range 8 east.

President Jimmy Carter devoted substantial effort to transportation deregulation, and worked with Congressional and civil society leaders to pass the Airline Deregulation Act ( October 24, 1978 ), Staggers Rail Act ( signed October 14, 1980 ), and the Motor Carrier Act of 1980 ( signed July 1, 1980 ).

Part of the urban area constitutes a civil parish of Chepping Wycombe, which had a population of 14, 455 according to the 2001 census – this parish represents that part of the ancient parish of Chepping Wycombe which was outside the former municipal borough of Wycombe.

Fribourg and the Sonderbund capitulated to Federalist forces under General Dufour on 14 November 1847 in what amounted to a brief and nearly bloodless Swiss civil war.

This occurred a few hours after two explosions occurred in on a commercial street of Baghdad which killed 14 Iraqi civilians and injured thirty more, according to Iraqi civil defense.

A. C. Grayling in his book Among the Dead Cities makes the point that as the Area Bombing Directive issued to the RAF on 14 February 1942, focused on the " morale of the enemy civil population ", Lübeck, with its many timbered medieval buildings, was chosen because the RAF " Air Staff were eager to experiment with a bombing technique using a high proportion of incendiaries " to help them carry out the directive – the RAF were well aware that the technique was effective against cities and not against industrial targets because cities such as Coventry had been subject to such attacks by the Luftwaffe during the Blitz.

On June 24, 1833, the staff and dignitaries including Vice President Martin Van Buren, Secretary of War Lewis Cass, Secretary of the Navy Levi Woodbury, and many Massachusetts officials, witnessed " one of the great events of American naval history ": the United States frigate Constitution was inaugurating the first naval drydock in New England designed by prominent civil engineer Loammi Baldwin, Jr .. On March 14, 1975, the historic ship floated out of the dock — the last commissioned vessel to use the facility.

* William Stirling born 14 Nov 1822, became a civil engineer and railway engineer in South America

Leonard Sidney Woolf ( 25 November 1880 – 14 August 1969 ) was an English political theorist, author, publisher and civil servant, and husband of author Virginia Woolf.

The articles of association of the Sevilla Football Club were approved by the civil governor of Seville on 14 October 1905 as a culmination of a process that took place after some meetings and assemblies that were held.