The use of the jury in the common law system seems to have fostered the adversarial system and provides the opportunity of both sides to argue their point of view.

The use of expert witnesses is sometimes criticized in the United States because in civil trials, they are often used by both sides to advocate differing positions, and it is left up to a jury to decide which expert witness to believe.

In many, but not all, United States jurisdictions that use grand juries, prosecutors often have a choice between seeking an indictment from a grand jury and filing a charging document directly with the court.

In its citation, the jury said: " Ieoh Ming Pei has given this century some of its most beautiful interior spaces and exterior forms ... His versatility and skill in the use of materials approach the level of poetry.

Japanese courts use a modified jury system, and there are no administrative courts or claims courts.

Only the United States and Canada make routine use of jury trials in a wide variety of non-criminal cases.

Other common law legal jurisdictions use jury trials only in a very select class of cases that make up a tiny share of the overall civil docket ( e. g. defamation suits in England and Wales ), while true civil jury trials are almost entirely absent elsewhere in the world.

Defense counsel for Sun Myung Moon instead asserted use of the word in the jury selection process was necessary to identify the Unification Church and to question jurors about possible prejudice.

The grand jury indicted Clemens on August 19, 2010 on charges of making false statements to Congress about his use of performance-enhancing drugs.

Barkan writes that if defendants plead not guilty, " they must decide whether their primary goal will be to win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment or a fine, or to use the proceedings as a forum to inform the jury and the public of the political circumstances surrounding the case and their reasons for breaking the law via civil disobedience.

The jury convicted, but the case went to appeal on the basis that no means of accumulating evidence had been provided for jurors who did not wish to use Bayes ' theorem.

Timestamps are inserted into the margin if a videorecording is being made ; in the event the witness is unavailable for trial, the parties and / or the court will use the timestamps to identify admissible segments which a video editor will stitch together to present to the jury.

Accordingly, while most depositions are not videotaped, opposing counsel may use the opportunity to get an impression of the witness's affect and appearance, because these are telling factors as to how that person will present in front of a jury.

The film is notable for its almost exclusive use of one set: with the exception of the film's opening, which begins outside on the steps of the courthouse and ends with the jury's final instructions before retiring, a brief final scene on the courthouse steps and two short scenes in an adjoining washroom, the entire movie takes place in the jury room.

With the use of a Final 2, the jury has almost always been odd-numbered, thus ensuring that no tie would be possible.

An example of demarchy is the use of a jury of peers in criminal cases.

Most of the players named in the book initially denied steroid use, though Giambi admitted to steroid use in testimony before a grand jury investigating the BALCO case and on January 11, 2010, McGwire admitted publicly to using steroids.

Some lawyers use a shadow defense to get information entered into the record that would otherwise be inadmissible hoping that evidence will trigger a jury nullification.

The use of ordinary household items to jury rig devices shows an influence from The A-Team ( though MacGyver eschews firearms ).

However, upon appeal the New York Court of Appeals, in a unanimous finding, held that the use of an entirely subjective test to determine the appropriateness of deadly physical force by a defendant could permit a jury to acquit every defendant who believed that his actions were reasonable, regardless of how bizarre the rationale, creating a slippery slope.

In accordance with 265 ( 4 ) an accused may use the defense that he believed that the complainant consented, but such a defence may be used only when " a judge, if satisfied that there is sufficient evidence and that, if believed by the jury, the evidence would constitute a defence, shall instruct the jury when reviewing all the evidence relating to the determination of the honesty of the accused's belief, to consider the presence or absence of reasonable grounds for that belief "; furthermore according to section 273. 2 ( b ) the accused must show that he took reasonable steps in order to ascertain the complainant's consent, also 273. 2 ( a ) states that if the accused's belief steams from self-induced intoxication, or recklessness or wilful blindness than such belief is not a defense.

However, there is limited evidence that mistletoe's effects on the immune system help the body fight cancer .... At present, the use of mistletoe cannot be recommended outside the context of well-designed clinical trials.

In addition, a 2010 Cochrane Collaboration review of trials of Risperidone, one of the biggest selling antipsychotics and the first of the new generation to become available in generic form, found only marginal benefit compared with placebo and that, despite its widespread use, evidence remains limited, poorly reported and probably biased in favor of risperidone due to pharmaceutical company funding of trials.

A review of the methods used in trials of antipsychotics, despite stating that the overall quality is " rather good ," reported issues with the selection of participants ( including that in schizophrenia trials up to 90 % of people who are generally suitable do not meet the elaborate inclusion and exclusion criteria, and that negative symptoms have not been properly assessed despite companies marketing the newer antipsychotics for these ); issues with the design of trials ( including pharmaceutical company funding of most of them, and inadequate experimental " blinding " so that trial participants could sometimes tell whether they were on placebo or not ); and issues with the assessment of outcomes ( including the use of a minimal reduction in scores to show " response ," lack of assessment of quality of life or recovery, a high rate of discontinuation, selective highlighting of favorable results in the abstracts of publications, and poor reporting of side-effects ).

* Diabetes, type 1: Clinical trials based on the work of Denise Faustman use BCG to induce production of TNF-α, which can kill the T-cells responsible for type 1 diabetes.

The American Psychiatric Association ( APA ) guidelines note that, in general, benzodiazepines are well tolerated, and their use for the initial treatment for panic disorder is strongly supported by numerous controlled trials.

Using techniques from science, engineering and statistics, such as the systematic review of medical literature, meta-analysis, risk-benefit analysis, and randomized controlled trials ( RCTs ), EBM aims for the ideal that healthcare professionals should make " conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence " in their everyday practice.

A number of research groups have experimented with the use of telomerase inhibitors in animal models, and as of 2005 and 2006 phase I and II human clinical trials are underway.

Some anticonvulsant medications do not have primary FDA-approved uses in epilepsy but are used in limited trials, remain in rare use in difficult cases, have limited " grandfather " status, are bound to particular severe epilepsies, or are under current investigation.

Also suspected of connivance in his death was Tiberius ' chief advisor, Sejanus, who would, in the 20s, create an atmosphere of fear in Roman noble and administrative circles by the use of treason trials and the role of " informers.

The FDA approves clinical trials of the use of gene therapy on thalassemia major patients in the US.

" After some initial trials with paper tape, he settled on punched cards ..." Hollerith came to use punched cards after observing how railroad conductors encoded personal characteristics of each passenger with punches on their tickets.

*" Randomized controlled trials support the use of various relaxation techniques for treating both acute and chronic pain, [...]"

From 1945 through 1948 she was held in sundry American and French-run detention camps and prisons along with house arrest but although Riefenstahl was tried four times by various postwar authorities, she was never convicted through denazification trials either for her alleged role as a propagandist or for the use of concentration camp inmates in her films.

Indoor Trials are trials held in stadiums ( not necessarily with a roof ) which by their very nature use man made artificial sections in contrast to outdoor trials with rely heavily on the natural terrain.

Ever since its first publication, Murray's theory has come under criticism for flaws in its use of evidence, with later historian Ronald Hutton remarking that it consisted of " a few well-known works by Continental demonologists, a few tracts printed in England and quite a number of published records of Scottish witch trials.

After extensive clinical trials, Kuvan has been approved by the FDA for use in PKU therapy.

Modern barter and trade has evolved considerably to become an effective method of increasing sales, conserving cash, moving inventory, and making use of excess production capacity for businesses around the world.

Censuses have evolved in their use of technology with the latest censuses, the 2010 round, using many new types of computing.

* an interdisciplinary subfield of science, which originated in engineering and mathematics, and evolved into use by the social sciences, like psychology, sociology, criminology and in the financial system.

Darwin did not use the term in Origin of Species until its sixth edition in 1872, ( though earlier editions did use the word " evolved ") by which time Herbert Spencer had given it scientific currency with a broad definition of progression in complexity in 1862.

English Elizabethan and Stuart composers had often evolved their music from folk themes, the classical suite was based upon stylised folk-dances and Joseph Haydn's use of folk melodies is noted.

The Hindu-Arabic numeral system and the rules for the use of its operations, in use throughout the world today, likely evolved over the course of the first millennium AD in India and was transmitted to the west via Islamic mathematics.

During the time of their use, this style of armor evolved and changed a number of times and ways, the currently recognised types being the Kalkriese, Corbridge and Newstead types, named after their places of discovery.

On the other hand, cognitive-functional theorists use this anthropological data to show how human beings have evolved the capacity for grammar and syntax to meet our demand for linguistic symbols.

Modern materials science evolved directly from metallurgy, which itself evolved from mining and ( likely ) ceramics and the use of fire.

For example, one might argue that the myth of the wind-god Aeolus evolved from a historical account of a king who taught his people to use sails and interpret the winds.

As the U. S. vehicles such as the Econoline evolved into larger full-sized vans, the term minivan came to use in North America, when Toyota and Chrysler launched their respective smaller minivan products for the 1984 model year.

It developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region, whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals, which then evolved into true farming.

With the increased use of computing, other naming methods have evolved that are intended to be interpreted by machines.

Later in the 1950s, assembly language programming, which had evolved to include the use of macro instructions, was followed by the development of " third generation " programming languages ( 3GL ), such as FORTRAN, LISP, and COBOL.

Legal systems have evolved to cover transactions and disputes that arise over the possession, use, transfer, and disposal of property, most particularly involving contracts.

* Paleoanthropology, the study of fossil evidence for human evolution, studying hominid fossil evidence and dating to determine matters such as the time and manner in which the mandible evolved, the effect of nature and environment on bipedality or the use of opposable thumb, with hominid classification and the individual naming of the proposed species and their place in primatology, the study of primates.

Passwords in military use evolved to include not just a password, but a password and a counterpassword ; for example in the opening days of the Battle of Normandy, paratroopers of the U. S. 101st Airborne Division used a password — flash — which was presented as a challenge, and answered with the correct response — thunder.

Rhamphorhynchoidea is a paraphyletic group ( since the pterodactyloids evolved directly from them and not from a common ancestor ), so with the increasing use of cladistics it has fallen out of favor in most technical literature.

SimpleText evolved from TeachText, which was derived from the Edit application, a simple text editor distributed with the earliest Macintosh operating systems to demonstrate the use of the Macintosh interface and the TextEdit application programming interface.

Humans evolved an opposable thumb — useful in holding tools — and increased dramatically in intelligence, which aided in the use of tools.

It was one of the first to be evolved with the aid of a wind tunnel, in use in Germany since the early 1920s.