In process of time the title abbot was extended to clerics who had no connection with the monastic system, as to the principal of a body of parochial clergy ; and under the Carolingians to the chief chaplain of the king,, or military chaplain of the emperor, It even came to be adopted by purely secular officials.

That Latin learning had not been obliterated is evidenced by the presence in his court of learned Mercian and West Saxon clerics such as Plegmund, Wæferth, and Wulfsige, but Alfred's account should not be entirely discounted.

The clerics issued a fatwa ( a non-binding legal opinion ) that Yusuf had good moral and religious right, to dethrone the rulers, whom he saw as heterodox.

It was said that Holihan sent senior clerics in the Catholic Church material on Kent, that Holihan organised the aerial propaganda against CND, that he had entered CND offices under false pretences, and that CPS workers had joined CND in order to gain access to the Campaign's 1982 Annual Conference.

John seized the lands of those clergy unwilling to conduct services, as well as those estates linked to Innocent himself ; he arrested the illicit concubines that many clerics kept during the period, only releasing them after the payment of fines ; he seized the lands of members of the church who had fled England, and he promised protection for those clergy willing to remain loyal to him.

Shortly after this Zosimus became involved in a dispute with the African bishops in regard to the right of appeal to the Roman See clerics who had been condemned by their bishops.

He reinstated the clerics who had been forced from office by Pope Stephen VI, recognizing the validity of the ordinations of Pope Formosus.

Sergius demanded the re-ordination of the bishops consecrated by Formosus, who in turn had conferred orders on many other clerics, causing great confusion.

The loss forced the clerics to reveal that they had created a clone of Kahless and implanted ancient scriptures of Kahless ' battles as his memories.

Methodius seems to have disregarded, wholly or in part, the prohibition of the Slavonic liturgy ; and when Frankish clerics again found their way into the country, and the archbishop's strictness had displeased the licentious Svatopluk, this was made a cause of complaint against him at Rome, coupled with charges regarding the Filioque.

Taoism has had profound influence on Chinese culture in the course of the centuries, and clerics of institutionalised Taoism () usually take care to note distinction between their ritual tradition and the customs and practices found in Chinese folk religion as these distinctions sometimes appear blurred.

Afterward this regulation was essentially mitigated, and even these were restored if they repented immediately after a sudden fall and eagerly sought absolution ; though clerics who had fallen were to be deposed and could not be restored to their functions.

When a year had passed he was recalled and kept practically a prisoner in his own villa, in expectation of severer measures after a new and more stringent imperial edict arrived, demanding the execution of all Christian clerics, according to reports of it by Christian writers.

An imperial audience was arranged for a group of iconodule clerics, including Theodore, at which however Michael expressed his attention to " leave the church as he had found it.

In the December 1984 issue, Gygax mentioned clerics of non-human races and indicated that the twenty four demihuman and humanoid deities that had been published in the February – June 1982 issues of Dragon were now permitted in Greyhawk ; this increased the number of Greyhawk deities from fifty to seventy four.

Edgar had been a strong ruler who had forced monastic reforms on a probably unwilling church and nobility, aided by the leading clerics of the day, Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, Oswald of Worcester, Archbishop of York, and Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester.

When Mullá ` Alí Basṭámí, the second Letter of the Living, was put on trial in Baghdad for preaching about the Báb, the clerics studied the Commentary on the Surih of Joseph, recognized in it a claim to divine revelation, and quoted from it extensively to prove that the author had made a messianic claim.

As the students had the legal status of clerics which, according to the Canon Law, could not be held by women, women were not admitted into universities.

At a time when the origins of Pre-Columbian cultures were poorly understood, these clerics associated Votan with the Biblical stories of the Tower of Babel and Noah, speculating that he had come to Mexico from the Old World.

Other ecclesiastical properties stood nearby at Tooley ( a corruption of " St Olave's ") Street, located in the Archbishop of Canterbury's manor of Southwark, where wealthy citizens and clerics had their houses, including the priors of Lewes and St Augustine's, Canterbury, and the abbot of Battle.

Since many former monks had found employment as chantry priests, the consequence for these clerics was a double experience of dissolution, perhaps mitigated by being in receipt thereafter of a double pension.

Gregory detested Chilperic, calling him " the Nero and Herod of his time " ( History of the Franks book VI. 46 ): he had provoked Gregory's wrath by wresting Tours from Austrasia, seizing ecclesiastical property, and appointing as bishops counts of the palace who were not clerics.

The research, with Linda LaScola, was further extended to include other denominations and non-Christian clerics.

We absolutely forbid that those who have been excommunicated by their own bishops be received into the communion of the Church by other bishops, abbots, and clerics.

< Blockquote > The supreme decision-making bodies of the Hezbollah were divided between the Majlis al-Shura ( Consultative Assembly ) which was headed by 12 senior clerical members with responsibility for tactical decisions and supervision of overall Hizballah activity throughout Lebanon, and the Majlis al-Shura al-Karar ( the Deciding Assembly ), headed by Sheikh Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah and composed of eleven other clerics with responsibility for all strategic matters.

This position has been confirmed by the Supreme Leader of Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, and is also supported by many other Iranian clerics.

However, he encountered stiff resistance from the St. Gallen citizenry, other clerics, and the Appenzell nobility in the Rhine Valley who were concerned about their holdings.

In 817, Theodore wrote two letters to Pope Paschal I, which were co-signed by several fellow iconophile abbots, in the first requesting that he summon an anti-iconoclastic Synod ; letters to the Patriarchs of Alexandria and Jerusalem, among other " foreign " clerics, followed.

Canon Law indicates ( canon 207 ) that " y divine institution, there are among the Christian faithful in the Church sacred ministers who in law are also called clerics ; the other members of the Christian faithful are called lay persons ".

Certain other classes such as the higher clerics and freemen of the Cinque Ports were deemed barons.

* Doorty Cross, Kilfenora, County Clare ; 12th century, has a bishop and two other clerics carved on it.

While the state of consecrated life is neither clerical or lay, institutes themselves are classified as one or the other, a clerical institute being one that " by reason of the purpose or design intended by the founder or by virtue of legitimate tradition, is under the direction of clerics, assumes the exercise of sacred orders, and is recognized as such by the authority of the Church ".

After their failed but devastating invasion of Hungary in 1285, Nogai, Talabuga and other noyans overthrew Töde Möngke because he was not an active Khan who was surrounded by clerics and sheikhs.

Some Muslims include under this term the village mullahs and imams, who have attained only the lowest rungs on the ladder of Islamic scholarship ; other Muslims would say that clerics must meet higher standards to be considered ulama.

After the introduction of absolute monarchy in 1660 all clerics were civil servants appointed by the king, but theological issues were left to the hierarchy of bishops and other clergy.

The other judges need only be clerics with licenses, but the episcopal conference can permit members of the laity with the same academic qualifications to serve as judges on a panel.

1629 # 1 ); however, laypersons and clerics have rarely convinced the Pope to hear their case afterwards, usually if they are facing excommunication or some other form of severe censure, such as the loss of the right to teach theology or to administer the sacraments ( a theologian and priest who faced censure got Pope John Paul II to hear his case and even asked the Pope to alter his own decision, though the Pope did not reverse the ruling in either case ).

As in other parts of medieval Europe, tension existed between the local monarch and the Pope about civil judicial authority over clerics, taxes and the wealth of the Church, and appointments of bishops, notably during the reigns of Henry II and John.

" For example, in 2008, Patriarch Alexi of All Russia complained about the presence of Catholic clerics and missionaries in Russia, noting, " If they consider Orthodoxy to have just as much the grace of God and salvation as Catholicism, then what is the point of persistent attempts to convert people to the other faith?

Having been historically governed by its clerical chapter alone, since 1872 the cathedral has been operationally overseen by a board comprising nine clerical members ( the dean, precentor, two clerical vicars and five other clerics ) and nine lay members, elected every third annual Easter vestry.

In the immediate aftermath of the 1979 Iranian Revolution, the MEK and the Tudeh Party at first chose to side with the clerics led by Ayatollah Khomeini against the liberals, nationalists and other moderate forces within the revolution.

In 1112 he officially became Patriarch, though many of the other clerics distrusted him and found him unncessarily harsh.

Despite his popularity among the clerics of the Samaniyya and other sects, and among the tribes of western Sudan, the Ulema, or Orthodox religious authorities, ridiculed Muhammad Ahmad's claim to be the Mahdi.

Although he tried to consolidate the Caliphate, the raising of taxes ( to pay for mosques amongst other things ) led to heavy opposition from the Muslim clerics.

The party argued that affairs of personal status ( such as marriage, divorces and burial ) should be kept under the authority of Israel's rabbis ( or other religious clerics for non-Jews ).