Amphibian Ark is an organization that was formed to implement the ex-situ conservation recommendations of this plan, and they have been working with zoos and aquaria around the world encouraging them to create assurance colonies of threatened amphibians.

When the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910 out of the main British colonies in the region, the Bechuanaland Protectorate, Basutoland ( now Lesotho ), and Swaziland ( the " High Commission Territories ") were not included, but provision was made for

It is most widely accepted that stromatolites from the late Archean and through the middle Proterozoic eon were mostly formed by massive colonies of cyanobacteria ( formerly known as blue-green algae ), and that the oxygen byproduct of their photosynthetic metabolism first resulted in earth ’ s massive banded iron formations and subsequently oxygenated earth ’ s atmosphere.

At this time, Virginia and other southern colonies had become a slave society, in which slaveholders formed the ruling class and the economy was based on slave labor.

In these years the southern colonies were becoming a slave society, in which slave labor powered the economy and slaveholders formed the political élite.

The Whig canon and the neo-Harringtonians, John Milton, James Harrington and Sidney, Trenchard, Gordon and Bolingbroke, together with the Greek, Roman, and Renaissance masters of the tradition as far as Montesquieu, formed the authoritative literature of this culture ; and its values and concepts were those with which we have grown familiar: a civic and patriot ideal in which the personality was founded in property, perfected in citizenship but perpetually threatened by corruption ; government figuring paradoxically as the principal source of corruption and operating through such means as patronage, faction, standing armies ( opposed to the ideal of the militia ), established churches ( opposed to the Puritan and deist modes of American religion ) and the promotion of a monied interest — though the formulation of this last concept was somewhat hindered by the keen desire for readily available paper credit common in colonies of settlement.

None of the colonies had political parties of the sort that formed in the 1790s, but each had shifting factions that vied for power.

First the League of All Worlds was formed, as an alliance of planets, mostly descended from colonization efforts from the planet Hain, uniting the " nine known worlds "-along with colonies, presumably.

In 1643, the neighboring colonies formed a military alliance called the United Colonies and pointedly excluded the towns around Narragansett Bay.

In many cases the buds formed do not separate from the parent but remain in continuity with it, thus forming colonies or stocks, which may reach a great size and contain a vast number of individuals.

Often the daughter cell will begin to bud before it becomes separated from the parent, so that whole colonies of adhering cells may be formed.

Portuguese trading settlements and, later, colonies were formed along the coast from 1498, when Vasco da Gama first reached the Mozambican coast.

It was adopted in many countries occupied by the French during the Napoleonic Wars, and thus formed the basis of the private law systems of Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Portugal ( and their former colonies ), and Poland ( 1808 – 1946 ).

The colonies were small and patchily distributed, and had not formed structurally complex reefs such as those that compose the nearby Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System.

The former French colonies, still dependent on France, had formed the Monrovia Group, and there was a further split between those that supported the USA and those that supported the USSR in the Cold War of ideologies.

In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces.

Myrmecophytism is a mutualistic relationship formed with ant colonies, where the ants protect the tree from herbivory and the trees provide shelter and food for the ants.

After the four South African colonies united politically into the Union of South Africa and relinquished control to democratic elections, a small, anonymous group of young intellectuals called the Afrikaner Broederbond, formed in the years following the Second Anglo-Boer War to discuss strategies for addressing the overwhelming social problem of poor whites and other Afrikaner interests.

Among the past and present groups formed by royal charter are the British East India Company ( 1600 ), the Hudson's Bay Company, the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company ( P & O ), the British South Africa Company, and some of the former British colonies on the North American mainland, also the Bank of England.

However, occasional " loose colonies " may be formed, whereby " some species of jerboa dig communal burrows which offer extra warmth when it is cold outside ".

Some filamentous colonies show the ability to differentiate into several different cell types: vegetative cells, the normal, photosynthetic cells that are formed under favorable growing conditions ; akinetes, the climate-resistant spores that may form when environmental conditions become harsh ; and thick-walled heterocysts, which contain the enzyme nitrogenase, vital for nitrogen fixation.

The city was designed to be the Federal Capital following the federation of the six Australian colonies which formed the Commonwealth of Australia.

French nationals from the tropical African colonies formed a large part of the forces at the beginning, as were nationals from French Algeria.

Throughout the colonies, members of the middle and upper classes of society formed the foundation for these groups of resistance and soon called themselves the Sons of Liberty.

In Richard K. Morgan's Takeshi Kovacs novels human colonies on distant planets maintain contact with earth and each other via hyperspatial needlecast, a technology which moves information "... so close to instantaneously that scientists are still arguing about the terminology ...".

Individuals in bryozoan ( ectoproct ) colonies are called zooids, since they are not fully independent animals.

All colonies contain autozooids, which are responsible for feeding and excretion.

Although those of many marine species function first as males and then as females, their colonies always contain a combination of zooids that are in their male and female stages.

Bryozoans form colonies consisting of clones called zooids that are typically about long.

Phoronids resemble bryozoan zooids but are long and, although they often grow in clumps, do not form colonies consisting of clones.

However, bryozoan colonies are founded by an ancestrula, which is round rather than shaped like a normal zooid of that species.

In 2009 some reports from the US suggested that 1 / 3 of the honey bee colonies did not survive the winter, though normal winter losses are known to be around 25 %.

Plantations or colonies, in distant countries, are either such where the lands are claimed by right of occupancy only, by finding them desert and uncultivated, and peopling them from the mother-country ; or where, when already cultivated, they have been either gained by conquest, or ceded to us by treaties.

But there is a difference between these two species of colonies, with respect to the laws by which they are bound.

The film Blade Runner ( 1982 ), adapted from Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ?, is set in 2019 in a dystopian future in which manufactured beings called replicants are slaves used on space colonies and are legal prey on Earth to various bounty hunters who " retire " ( kill ) them.

Many cnidarian species produce colonies that are single organisms composed of medusa-like or polyp-like zooids, or both.

The Commonwealth of Nations — formerly the British Commonwealth — is a voluntary association of 54 independent sovereign states, most of which are former British colonies, or dependencies of these colonies with three exceptions, Mozambique ( which was a Portuguese possession ), Rwanda ( which was a Belgian mandate ) and Cameroon ( which is a union of a French mandate and a British mandate ) plus the United Kingdom itself.

Even when colonies of insects are eradicated from a house and surrounding domestic animal shelters, they can re-emerge from plants or animals that are part of the ancient, sylvatic ( referring to wild animals ) infection cycle.

In his preface to Jürgen Osterhammel's Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview, Roger Tignor says, " For Osterhammel, the essence of colonialism is the existence of colonies, which are by definition governed differently from other territories such as protectorates or informal spheres of influence.

The major European empires consisted of the following colonies at the start of World War I ( former colonies of the Spanish Empire became independent before 1914 and are not listed ; former colonies of other European empires that previously became independent, such as the former French colony Haiti, are not listed ):

The island must then have been fruitful, for one of the conditions under which Venice accorded him her protection, was that he should supply grain to her colonies.

Franklin earned the title of " The First American " for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity ; as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies, then as the first United States Ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation.

In Europe, particularly Britain and Ireland, and then in the young United States and the Canadian colonies, inland canals preceded the development of railroads ( 1780-1840 ) during the earliest phase of the Industrial Revolution.

Spain and Portugal had brought African slaves to work at African colonies such as Cape Verde and the Azores, and then Latin America, by the 16th century.

Mipps then joined Syn in his quest for revenge, pursuing Tappitt and Imogene throughout the thirteen American colonies ( supposedly preaching the gospel to the Indians ) and around the world ( as part of a whaling voyage ) afterwards, and was with him in the Caribbean when Dr. Syn turned again to piracy, assuming the name of Captain Clegg ( taking the name " Clegg " from a certain vicious biting fly he had encountered in America ), hijacking his enemy Tappitt's own ship and crew and sailing off with them ( renaming the ship the Imogene ) to become the most infamous pirate of the day.

The infamous penal colonies, including Devil's Island, were gradually phased out and then formally closed in 1951.

The colonies could then be warmed by large reflector plant leaves that could focus the dim, distant sunlight back on the growing colony.

In 1766, he started switching Mount Vernon's primary cash crop away from tobacco to wheat, a crop that could be processed and then sold in various forms in the colonies, and further diversified operations to include flour milling, fishing, horse breeding, spinning, weaving and ( in the 1790s ) whiskey production.

The relations between Guyana and Barbados had its genesis to a time when both Guyana ( then British Guiana ) and Barbados were both British colonies.

The implied threat that if colonial restoration did not occur, then the Germans would take back by force their former colonies attracted a large deal of hostile commentary on the inappropriateness of an Ambassador threatening his host country in such a manner.

Ronnie Ellenblum claims this view was influenced by French imperialism and colonialism ; if medieval French crusaders could integrate themselves into local society, then certainly modern French colonies in the Levant could thrive.

" Mozambique " first described a small coral island at the mouth of Mossuril Bay, then the fort and town on that island, São Sebastião de Moçambique, and later extended to the whole of the Portuguese colonies on the east coast of Africa.

Mercantilism helped create trade patterns such as the triangular trade in the North Atlantic, in which raw materials were imported to the metropolis and then processed and redistributed to other colonies.

Viking raiders always had the option to fallback in the face of a superior force or stubborn defence and then reappear to attack other locations or retreat to their bases in what is now Sweden, Denmark, Norway and their Atlantic colonies.

The Assyrian empire then came to an end by 605 BC, the Medes and Babylonians dividing its colonies between them.

England did set the fashion of written constitutions during the Civil War but after the Restoration abandoned them to be taken up later by the American Colonies after their emancipation and then France after the Revolution and the rest of Europe including the European colonies.

The Declaration of Independence was a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire.

In 1938, the Western Allies ( United Kingdom, France, Poland and British Dominions ) had a 30 percent larger population and a 30 percent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis ( Germany and Italy ); if colonies are included, it then gives the Allies more than a 5: 1 advantage in population and nearly 2: 1 advantage in GDP.

The decision did not apply to other British territories ; by then, for example, the American colonies had established slavery by positive laws.

From 1800 until 1885, Barbados then served as the main seat of Government for the former British colonies of the Windward Islands.

The Governor General of the French Caribbean colonies then subsequently mounted an attack on the island at his own expense and drove out the Spanish, but he was unable to establish a colony, and surrendered the title to the island to the Grand Master of the Order of Malta in 1653.

Albert Camus was a Pied-Noir ( black foot ) – a Frenchman born in the Maghreb, the northernmost crescent of Mediterranean Africa then the heart of France's African colonies.