In the Estonian language singular comitative is formed by adding the suffix '- ga ' to the genitive in case of singular:

And by adding the suffixes '- de ' and '- ga ' to the singular partitive in case of plural, thus making first a plural genitive case and then adding the comitative suffix:

Akkala Sami has 8 cases, singular and plural: nominative, genitive-accusative, partitive, dative-illative, locative, essive, comitative and abessive.

English also exhibits grammatical behavior which may be described as instances of the comitative case.

The name Pitjantjatjara derives from the word pitjantja, a form of the verb ' go ' which, combined with the comitative suffix-tjara means something like ' pitjantja-having ' ( i. e. the variety that uses the word pitjantja for ' go ').

The comitative case ( abbreviated ), also known as the associative case ( abbreviated ), is a grammatical case that denotes companionship, and is used where English would typically use preposition " with " in the sense of " in company with " or " together with " ( other uses of " with ," e. g. with the meaning of " using ," " by means of " ( I cut bread with a knife ) would correspond to the instrumental case or related cases ).

In the Estonian language comitative is also used to denote when something is used as an implement-kirvega ( with axe / using an axe ) or as a means of transport laevaga ( by boat ).

indirect object ), /-( e ) š ( e )/ ( traditionally called terminative case, but means " towards "), /- da / ( comitative = " together with "), /- a / ( locative = " in, at "), /- ta / ( ablative

The ending-tjara is the comitative suffix and means ' having '.

There are a large number of cases: absolutive (- Ø ), ergative (- e ), genitive (-( a ) k ), dative / allative (" to, for ") (- r ( a ) for human nouns ,-e for non-human nouns ), locative (" in, at ") (- a, only with non-human nouns ), comitative (- da ), equative (" as, like ") (- gin ), directive / adverbial (" towards ") (- š ( e )), ablative (" from ") (- ta, only with non-human nouns ).

* nina ( nominative: nose ) → nina ( genitive: of nose ) → ninaga ( comitative: with a nose )

* koer ( nominative: dog ) → koera ( genitive: of dog ) → koeraga ( comitative: with a dog )

* leht ( nominative: leaf, page ) → lehte ( partitive: leaf ) → lehtede ( genitive: of leaves ) → lehtedega ( comitative: with leaves )

* kass ( nominative: cat ) → kassi ( partitive: cat ) → kasside ( genitive: of cats ) → kassidega ( comitative: with cats )

In the Norwegian language it is called ' kofte ', most probably due to the word " gákti " being somewhat similar to the word ' kofte ' in the accusative, genitive, locative and comitative case ( gávtti / gaftti, gávtti / gaftti, gávttis / gafttis, gávtiin / gafttijn ).

In Portuguese and Spanish, some personal pronouns merged with the preposition with ( com in Portuguese and con in Spanish ) to form what can be considered as comitative case declensions of the pronouns.

In the Finnish language, the comitative is rare and seldom used in spoken Finnish.

Some cases and moods are rarely constructive in spoken Finnish, e. g. the instructive and comitative cases and the potential mood.

) In some variants ( e. g. Vaasa, Kymenlaakso ) of spoken Finnish-n kanssa is abbreviated into a clitic that is effectively a comitative case, e. g. -nkans or-nkaa.

The other persons do not have distinct comitative case forms and simply take the prepositional case preceded by " con " ( e. g., con nosotros, con vosotras, con ella, con ellos ...).

The comitative is used to state with whom or what something was done.

For example, in English, the plural marker -( e ) s of regular nouns can be pronounced,, or, depending on the final sound of the noun's singular form.

In many varieties, the third-person singular inflection is generalized to a present tense marker ; for example, the verb " to like " is conjugated I likes, you likes, he / she / it likes, we likes, you likes, and they likes.

Pinker argues that usage of singular they in English cannot be condemned on grammatical grounds, because it is probably better understood as a linguistic marker of a bound variable rather than as a pronoun with a referent.

** Georgian: კაცი k ' aci " man " ( singular ) – კაცები k ' ac < u > eb </ u > i " men " ( where-i is the nominative case marker )

* Nominative: no marker in the singular, weak grade in the plural.

Other, less obvious correspondences are suggested, such as the Indo-European plural marker *- es ( or *- s in the accusative plural *) and its Uralic counterpart *- t. This same word-final assibilation of *- t to *- s may also be present in Indo-European second-person singular *- s in comparison with Uralic second-person singular *- t. Compare, within Indo-European itself, *- s second-person singular injunctive, *- si second-person singular present indicative, *- tHa second-person singular perfect, *- te second-person plural present indicative, * tu ' you ' ( singular ) nominative, * tei ' to you ' ( singular ) enclitic pronoun.

As McRae argues in Surkan ( 2000 ), " The lack of physical presence and the infinite malleability of bodies complicates sexual interaction in a singular way: because the choice of gender is an option rather than a strictly defined social construct, the entire concept of gender as a primary marker of identity becomes partially subverted.

The inessive marker is-n in the singular and the plural, when it is then preceded by the plural marker-j.

The illative marker is-j in the singular and-da in the plural, which is preceded by the plural marker-i, making it look the same as the plural accusative.

The elative marker is-s in the singular and the plural, when it is then preceded by the plural marker-j.

In order to " rescue " the word, a vowel sound is inserted between the root and the plural marker, and results.

Some languages have no marker for the plural in certain cases, e. g. Swedish hus --" house, houses " ( but huset --" the house ", husen --" the houses ").

Typically, that order would be noun – adjective – numeral – genitive phrase – relative clause – possessive marker – plural marker – case marker, for example / diĝir gal-gal-ĝu-ne-ra / (" god great ( reduplicated )- my-plural-dative " = " for all my great gods ").

An example of a phonologically conditioned alternation is the English plural marker commonly spelled s or es.

# If the preceding sound is a sibilant consonant ( one of, or ), the plural marker takes the form.

# Otherwise, if the preceding sound is voiceless, the plural marker takes the likewise voiceless form.

# Otherwise, the preceding sound is voiced, and the plural marker takes the likewise voiced form.

This influence is reflected mainly in the retention of certain lexical items ( cruds or cruddled milk ( cottage cheese ), hap ( comforter ), jag ( to tease or annoy ), jag around ( to fool around or act foolishly ), jagger ( a thorn or burr ), jagoff ( an annoying or irritating person ), neb / nebby / neb-nose ( nosy ), redd up ( to clean ), slippy ( slippery ), yinz / yunz / you ’ uns ( second-person plural ), " punctual " whenever and possibly " positive " anymore and reversed usage of leave and let, but also in the like, need, or want + past participle grammatical constructions i. e. ` the yard needs mowed ' and the discourse marker ‘ n ’ at i. e. ` and so forth / etc.

This is the case in English, which has an agglutinated plural marker -( e ) s and derived words such as shame · less · ness.

* Nouns describing units of value, weight, distance, height and sometimes volumes of liquid have no plural marker.

In recent times though the English word " marker " was coopted into the language ( spelled as in English but with the plural " markere ") and is used especially when referring to the permanent and highlighter variety of felt tip pens.

For example, both use-o -/- u-( rather than-i -) as the marker of transitive valency and both display the plural suffix-it -, expressing the number of the ergative subject and occupying a position before the valency marker.

The plural form can also serve as a general plural marker in non-absolutive cases: arniuši-na-nə " by the deeds ".

For example, the character for " not " () is the synonym of, the third-person pronoun ( " he / she ") is a synonym of, the plural pronoun marker () is the synonym of and the possessive particle () is a synonym of.

In the phrase two sheep -, the plural marker is a zero morph, which is an allomorph of-s as in two cows.

There is no true plural, but-gi serves as a collective marker.