It is a noun that is having something done to it, usually joined ( such as in Latin ) with the nominative case, making it an indirect object.

* caustics ( a form of indirect illumination ) — reflection of light off a shiny object, or focusing of light through a transparent object, to produce bright highlights on another object

In the Romance languages, the articles and direct and indirect object personal pronoun forms are clitics.

* Arabic: Suffixes standing for direct object pronouns and / or indirect object pronouns ( as found in Indo-European languages ) are suffixed to verbs, possessive determiners are suffixed to nouns, and pronouns are suffixed to particles.

In general, the dative marks the indirect object of a verb, although in some instances the dative is used for the direct object of a verb pertaining directly to an act of giving something.

The OED defines all classical uses of the word " whom " in situations where the indirect object is not known – in effect, indicating the anonymity of the indirect object.

In Modern English, an indirect object is often expressed with a prepositional phrase of " to " or " for ".

If there is a direct object, the indirect object can be expressed by an object pronoun placed between the verb and the direct object.

In general, the dative is used to mark the indirect object of a German sentence.

Note that the concept of an indirect object may be rendered by a prepositional phrase.

In this sentence, Freund would seem to be the indirect object, but, because it follows an ( direction ), the accusative is required, not the dative.

* ( dative ) " to man " an indirect object ( e. g., I gave a present to the man ; Man is a wolf to man.

For instance, therapists have used sentences like, “ Who is the boy helping ?” and “ What is the boy fixing ?” because both verbs are transitive-they require two arguments in the form of a subject and a direct object, but not necessarily an indirect object.

* The dative case indicates the indirect object of a verb: The clerk gave us a discount.

According to the E. J. Erickson the Greek Navy also played a crucial, albeit indirect role, in the Thracian campaign by neutralizing no less than three Thracian Corps ( see First Balkan War, the Bulgarian theater of operations ), a significant portion of the Ottoman Army there, in the all-important opening round of the war.

It was not until 1997, however, that a direct experiment, by S. Lamoreaux, described above, quantitatively measured the force ( to within 15 % of the value predicted by the theory ), although previous work van Blockland and Overbeek ( 1978 ) had observed the force qualitatively, and indirect validation of the predicted Casimir energy had been made by measuring the thickness of liquid Helium films by Sabisky and Anderson in 1972.

Under the influence of English, which uses the preposition " to " for both indirect objects ( give to ) and directions of movement ( go to ), the term " dative " has sometimes been used to describe cases that in other languages would more appropriately be called lative.

* Enlighten ( radiosity engine ), code to do real-time calculation of indirect lighting (" radiosity ") in video games

An imperial political structure is established and maintained in two ways: ( i ) as a territorial empire of direct conquest and control with force ( direct, physical action to compel the emperor's goals ), and ( ii ) as a coercive, hegemonic empire of indirect conquest and control with power ( the perception that the emperor can physically enforce his desired goals ).

The legal definition of franchising in Spain is an activity in which an undertaking, the franchisor, grants to another party, the franchisee, for a specific market and in exchange for financial compensation ( either direct, indirect or both ), the right to exploit an owned system to commercialize products or services already exploited by the franchisor with enough success and experience.

Such algorithms take into account not only the light which comes directly from a light source ( direct illumination ), but also subsequent cases in which light rays from the same source are reflected by other surfaces in the scene, whether reflective or not ( indirect illumination ).

* The oblique case ( object pronouns such as me, him, her, us ), used for the direct or indirect object of a verb, for the object of a preposition, for an absolute disjunct, and sometimes for the complement of a copula.

During the 1960s, Erickson popularized a new branch of hypnotherapy, known as Ericksonian hypnotherapy, characterised primarily by indirect suggestion, " metaphor " ( actually analogies ), confusion techniques, and double binds in place of formal hypnotic inductions.

The addressing modes provided register, immediate, absolute, relative, deferred ( indirect ), and indexed addressing, and could specify autoincrementation and autodecrementation of a register by one ( byte instructions ) or two ( word instructions ).

The name " quine " was coined by Douglas Hofstadter, in his popular science book Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, in the honor of philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine ( 1908 – 2000 ), who made an extensive study of indirect self-reference, and in particular for the following paradox-producing expression, known as Quine's paradox:

This indirect scheme restricts the number of available colors in an image ( typically 256 ), although each color in the table has typically 8 bits for each of the R, G, and B primaries.

One of these works was The Authoritarian Personality ( 1950 ), published as a contribution to the Studies in Prejudice performed by multiple research institutes in the US, and consisted on a ' qualitative interpretations ' that uncovered the authoritarian character of test persons through indirect questions.

In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad,, the Supreme Court ruled that ( 1 ) the Sixteenth Amendment removes the Pollock requirement that certain income taxes ( such as taxes on income " derived from real property " that were the subject of the Pollock decision ), be apportioned among the states according to population ; ( 2 ) the federal income tax statute does not violate the Fifth Amendment's prohibition against the government taking property without due process of law ; ( 3 ) the federal income tax statute does not violate the Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 requirement that excises, also known as indirect taxes, be imposed with geographical uniformity.

Many means of destroying tanks, including indirect artillery, anti-tank guns ( both towed and self-propelled ), mines, short-ranged infantry antitank weapons, and other tanks were utilised.

A given T may either be direct ( respect orientation ), or indirect ( reverse orientation ), and this may be determined by its effect on signed areas ( as defined, for example, by the cross product of vectors ).

The measurement of an exponential bacterial growth curve in batch culture was traditionally a part of the training of all microbiologists ; the basic means requires bacterial enumeration ( cell counting ) by direct and individual ( microscopic, flow cytometry ), direct and bulk ( biomass ), indirect and individual ( colony counting ), or indirect and bulk ( most probable number, turbidity, nutrient uptake ) methods.

As data sets have grown in size and complexity, direct " hands-on " data analysis has increasingly been augmented with indirect, automated data processing, aided by other discoveries in computer science, such as neural networks, cluster analysis, genetic algorithms ( 1950s ), decision trees ( 1960s ), and support vector machines ( 1990s ).

Pure altruism consists of sacrificing something for someone other than the self ( e. g. sacrificing time, energy or possessions ) with no expectation of any compensation or benefits, either direct, or indirect ( e. g., receiving recognition for the act of giving ).

* as the subject of an indirect statement ( e. g. Dixit me fuisse saevum, " He said that I had been cruel ;" in later Latin works, such as the Vulgate, such a construction is replaced by quod and a regularly structured sentence, having the subject in the nominative: e. g., Dixit quod ego fueram saevus ).

* Transmission by direct or indirect contact with dried skin ( e. g., colonisation with MRSA ) or contaminated surfaces

Pharmaceuticals are related to biotechnology in two indirect ways: 1 ) certain major types ( e. g. biologics ) fall under both categories, and 2 ) together they essentially comprise the " non-medical-device " set of BME applications.

The superscalar complexity in the case of modern x86 was solved with dynamically issued and buffered micro-operations, i. e. indirect and dynamic superscalar execution ; the Pentium Pro and AMD K5 are early examples of this.

Under British indirect rule, separate European ( e. g. Oyster Bay ) and African ( e. g. Kariakoo and Ilala ) areas developed at a distance from the city centre.

In such cases, it is not required ( or even possible ) that the members of the electorate be familiar with all of the eligible persons, though such systems may involve indirect elections at larger geographic levels to ensure that some first-hand familiarity among potential electees can exist at these levels ( i. e., among the elected delegates ).

In an example Husserl explains this in the following way: if you are standing in front of a house, you have a proper, direct presentation of that house, but if you are looking for it and ask for directions, then these directions ( e. g. the house on the corner of this and that street ) are an indirect, improper presentation.

In most cultures, it is socially disapproved for a person to make explicitly sexual advances, but indirect or suggestive advances ( i. e., flirting ) may at times be considered acceptable.

* nautae ( dative ) " to / for sailor " an indirect object ( e. g. nautae donum dedi I gave a present to the sailor )

** Indexed register indirect with 8-bit signed offset e. g. 8 ( A0, D0 ) or 8 ( A0, A1 )

* in Afghanistan: Wolesi Jirga ( elected, legislative lower house ) and Meshrano Jirga ( mainly advisory, indirect representation ); in special cases, e. g. as constituent assembly, a Loya Jirga

Until a United States Supreme Court decision in 1895, all income taxes were deemed to be excises ( i. e., indirect taxes ).

Today, governments in more advanced economies in ( i. e. Europe and North America ) tend to rely more on direct taxes, while developing economies ( i. e. India and several African countries ) rely more on indirect taxes.

* Transmission by direct or indirect contact with dried skin ( e. g., colonisation with MRSA ) or contaminated surfaces or any combination of the above.

For employee performance management, using integrated software, rather than a spreadsheet based recording system, may deliver a significant return on investment through a range of direct and indirect sales benefits, operational efficiency benefits and by unlocking the latent potential in every employees work day ( i. e. the time they spend not actually doing their job ).

Not all languages have a passive voice, and some that do have one ( e. g. Polish ) don't allow the indirect object of a ditransitive verb to be promoted to subject by passivization, as English does.

Military authors tend to use the term " asymmetric " to refer to the indirect nature of the strategies many weak actors adopt, or even to the nature of the adversary itself ( e. g. " asymmetric adversaries can be expected to ...") rather than to the correlation of forces.

Furthermore, there is evidence for an indirect Werther effect, i. e. the perception that suicidal media content has an impact on others which, in turn, can concurrently or additionally influence one person ´ s own future thoughts and behaviors.