Rate – distortion theory gives an analytical expression for how much compression can be achieved using lossy compression methods.

The expression for the fibers in the upper half of the beam will be similar except that the moment arm vector will be in the positive z direction and the force vector will be in the-x direction since the upper fibers are in compression.

* Lossy codecs: Many of the more popular codecs in the software world are lossy, meaning that they reduce quality by some amount in order to achieve compression.

In practice they are not, so CF is the average factor of compression for all the frames taken together.

Acoustic problems always require allowing compressibility, since sound waves are compression waves involving changes in pressure and density of the medium through which they propagate.

When rock units are placed under horizontal compression, they shorten and become thicker.

Both the encoder and decoder begin with a trivial model, yielding poor compression of initial data, but as they learn more about the data, performance improves.

Lossless compression methods may be categorized according to the type of data they are designed to compress.

While, in principle, any general-purpose lossless compression algorithm ( general-purpose meaning that they can accept any bitstring ) can be used on any type of data, many are unable to achieve significant compression on data that are not of the form for which they were designed to compress.

The " trick " that allows lossless compression algorithms, used on the type of data they were designed for, to consistently compress such files to a shorter form is that the files the algorithms are designed to act on all have some form of easily modeled redundancy that the algorithm is designed to remove, and thus belong to the subset of files that that algorithm can make shorter, whereas other files would not get compressed or even get bigger.

From the point of view of material modelling, masonry is a special material of extreme mechanical properties ( with a very high ratio between strength in compression and in tension ), so that the applied loads do not diffuse as they do in elastic bodies, but tend to percolate along lines of high stiffness, see the figure on the right and watch a video for more details.

By adding an intercooler, increasing compression to 8. 5: 1 as well as various other little changes, Porsche was able to develop the 924 Turbo into the race car they had wanted, dubbing it the 924 Carrera GT.

SVG images, being XML, contain many repeated fragments of text, so they are well suited for lossless data compression algorithms.

Although the role of PG and PI are not clear, they appear to interact with hydrophobic surfactant proteins SP ‐ B and SP ‐ C to prevent the irreversible removal of the phospholipids from the surfactant film during alveolar compression and collapse for rapid reinsertion upon re-expansion.

This has resulted in the introduction of a number of excipients that have been designed specifically for use in direct compression formulations, although they tend to be expensive.

While such materials might not be considered direct compression in its purest form, they do pass on the advantages of direct compression technology to the tablet manufacturers.

Like the Santa Ana, these winds also heat up by compression and lose humidity, but since they start out so extraordinarily cold and dry and blow over snow and ice all the way to the sea, the perceived similarity is negligible.

Snelson and Fuller worked developing what they termed " tensegrity ," an engineering principle of continuous tension and discontinuous compression that allowed domes to deploy a lightweight lattice of interlocking icosahedrons that could be skinned with a protective cover.

Therefore, they arrive at an observer at different times, an extreme example being an earthquake, where sharp compression waves arrive first, and rocking transverse waves seconds later.

Like actin filaments, they function in the maintenance of cell-shape by bearing tension ( microtubules, by contrast, resist compression.

In 1995 and 2007 they won a IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal for pioneering work in data compression and especially for developing the algorithm.

Spokes can be made of wood, metal, or synthetic fiber depending on whether they will be in tension or compression.

This was achieved using different pistons which raised the S ' compression ratio from 9. 7: 1 to 10. 2: 1, the knock-on effect being an increase in the octane rating, up from 91 RON to 95.

In a tokamak system this compression is achieved simply by moving the plasma into a region of higher magnetic field ( i. e., radially inward ).

This measure gives a bound on the compression ratio that can be achieved.

Still, he produced a number of very short stories in which he achieved notable compression of sometimes complex subjects.

Using point clouds multi-sampling and data compression is achieved.

Their narrower grooves, achieved by lowering the cutting levels and, if required, sound compression, enabled them to hold up to 7. 5 minutes per side — but still be played by a standard 45 rpm phonograph.

Hopping is achieved by suddenly forcing the unicycle pedals downwards while holding the seat, the reactive forces resulting from the compression of the tyre lift the unicycle into the air.

Further compression is achieved by storing each line differentially: each line contains only the differences from the previous line rather than a full set of inversion points.

This is achieved by putting more air / fuel mixture into the engine, increasing compression ratio ( requires higher octane gas ) burning it more rapidly, and getting rid of the waste products more rapidly-this increases volumetric efficiency.

Thermoelectric junctions are generally only around 5 – 10 % as efficient as the ideal refrigerator ( Carnot cycle ), compared with 40 – 60 % achieved by conventional compression cycle systems ( reverse Rankine systems using compression / expansion ).

To select the hypothesis that captures the most regularity in the data, scientists look for the hypothesis with which the best compression can be achieved.

The 4 conditions that need to be achieved for ignition to take place are: " The imploding fuel must maintain its spherical shape ; it must achieve a certain speed ; the amount of mixing between the fuel and the capsule material must be kept low ; and the entropy of the system must be kept down — in other words, the energy applied needs to be focused on compressing the fuel and not raising its temperature, which would impede compression ".

This means a compression ratio of around 10: 1, which is achieved by the use of mild temporal compression, where alternate frames are stored as MPEG I-frames and B-frames, giving rise to an IBIB sequence on tape.

This extreme object code compression of MICRAL is achieved using a set of machine code macro substitutions that minimizes the space required for the object code and macro table.

This can be achieved by breaking the input up into a series of equal-sized blocks, and operating on them in sequence using a one-way compression function.

Also, the Beatles were experimenting with organ-sounding guitars, which was achieved by extreme compression on John Lennon's rhythm guitar.

When comparing the image quality achieved by digital zoom with image quality achieved by resizing the image in post-processing, there's a difference between cameras that perform potentially lossy image compression like JPEG, and those that save images in an always lossless Raw image format.

The two different capacities were achieved through stroke alterations from a con-rod design able to accommodate two different stroke lengths, and different piston crown designs altering the compression ratios.

The purpose of the compression achieved by sketching is to allow all of the keys to be stored in one w-bit word.