A key concept in thermodynamics, many rapid chemical and physical processes are described or approximated in this way.

This text clarified the concept of an element as a substance that could not be broken down by any known method of chemical analysis, and presented Lavoisier's theory of the formation of chemical compounds from elements.

* Elective Affinities, the concept of chemical affinities as a metaphor for human emotional affinities

The concept of chemical equilibrium was developed after Berthollet ( 1803 ) found that some chemical reactions are reversible.

The general concept of a chemical reaction has been extended to non-chemical reactions between entities smaller than atoms, including nuclear reactions, radioactive decays, and reactions between elementary particles as described by quantum field theory.

Ilya Prigogine summarized the concept of affinity, saying, " All chemical reactions drive the system to a state of equilibrium in which the affinities of the reactions vanish.

The concept is frequently applied in the physical sciences to chemical reactions, where chemical bond energy is converted to thermal energy ( heat ).

The concept is frequently applied in physical sciences to, for example, chemical reactions, where thermal energy ( heat ) is converted to chemical bond energy.

Although forests are classified primarily by trees, the concept of a forest ecosystem includes additional species ( such as smaller plants, fungi, bacteria, and animals ) as well as physical and chemical processes such as energy flow and nutrient cycling.

Moseley's outstanding contribution to the science of physics was the justification from physical laws of the previous empirical and chemical concept of the atomic number.

At the end of the 18th century, however, when the concept of a chemical compound had not yet been fully developed, the law was novel.

The crucial breakthrough for organic chemistry was the concept of chemical structure, developed independently and simultaneously by Friedrich August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper in 1858.

Alongside amount of heat transferred as a fundamental quantity, entropy, considered below, was gradually found to be a more generally applicable concept, especially when chemical reactions are of interest.

Thermochemistry coalesces the concepts of thermodynamics with the concept of energy in the form of chemical bonds.

He also introduced the concept of the chemical potential of a given chemical species, defined to be the rate of the increase in U associated with the increase in the number N of molecules of that species ( at constant entropy and volume ).

The discovery of the chemical elements and the concept of Atomic Theory began to systematize this science, and researchers developed a fundamental understanding of states of matter, ions, chemical bonds and chemical reactions.

A choice function is a function f, defined on a collection X of nonempty sets, such that for every set s in X, f ( s ) is an element of s. With this concept, the axiom can be stated:

The continuity of glaciers, inferred from oriented glacial striations and deposits called tillites, suggested the existence of the supercontinent of Gondwana, which became a central element of the concept of continental drift.

The element air also appears as a concept in the Buddhist religion which has an ancient history in China.

In addition, Grammy-winning metal band Mastodon has released three concept albums, Leviathan, Blood Mountain and Crack the Skye, which, along with their debut album, Remission, make up a quadrilogy, each representing its own element: water, earth, air and fire, respectively.

This concept became a key element of the meaning of " emperor " in the Byzantine and Orthodox east, but went out of favor with in the west with the rise of Roman Catholicism.

* Object: one entity ( e. g., a person, department or concept ) or element of arrangement or member of a set

The first element for reward systems design is the concept that for a collective assessment to be appropriate for individual team members, the group's tasks must be highly interdependent.

This active participation is a central element in Zoroaster's concept of free will, and Zoroastrianism rejects all forms of asceticism and monasticism.

Proponents describe a key element in the concept of " militia " was that to be " genuine " it not be a " select militia ", composed of an unrepresentative subset of the population.

Central to the ecosystem concept is the idea that living organisms interact with every other element in their local environment.

The OSS not only bought into the concept, they hired Lambertsen to lead the program and build up the dive element of their maritime unit.

The concept of a " picture element " dates to the earliest days of television, for example as " Bildpunkt " ( the German word for pixel, literally ' picture point ') in the 1888 German patent of Paul Nipkow.

Sexual selection, a concept introduced by Charles Darwin in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, is a significant element of his theory of natural selection.

In the areas of databases and data systems more generally a data element is a concept forming part of a data model.

The concept of supremum coincides with the concept of least upper bound, but not with the concepts of minimal upper bound, maximal element, or greatest element.

This concept is arguably the " most complete " notion of a meet-semilattice that is not yet a lattice ( in fact, only the top element may be missing ).

Bion's concept of maternal " reverie " as the capacity to sense ( and make sense of ) what is going on inside the infant has been an important element in post-Kleinian thought: " reverie is an act of faith in unconscious process ... essential to alpha-function '" It is considered the equivalent of Stern's attunement, or Winnicott's maternal preoccupation.

In abstract algebra, the idea of an inverse element generalises the concept of a negation, in relation to addition, and a reciprocal, in relation to multiplication.

* Maximal element, concept in order theory

Thus the concept of a random function is one example of a random element and hence is a generalization of the simpler idea of a random variable.

A concept of responsibility is in process of articulation and establishment.

National responsibility for individual welfare is a concept not limited to the United States or even to the Western nations.

Recognizing that the Rule of Law is `` a dynamic concept which should be employed not only to safeguard the civil and political rights of the individual in a free society '', the Congress asserted that it also included the responsibility `` to establish social, economic, educational and cultural conditions under which his legitimate aspirations and dignity may be realized ''.

Whether a concept analogous to the principle of internal responsibility operates in a nation's external relations is less obvious and more difficult to establish.

) The concept of nationalism is the political principle that epitomizes and glorifies the territorial state as the characteristic type of socal structure.

Historically, however, the concept is one that has been of marked benefit to the people of the Western civilizational group.

But it is more than irony: one of the main reasons why nationalism is no longer a tenable concept is because it has spread throughout the planet.

It is interesting, however, that despite this strong upsurge in Southern writing, almost none of the writers has forsaken the firmly entrenched concept of the white-suited big-daddy colonel sipping a mint julep as he silently recounts the revenue from the season's cotton and tobacco crops ; ;

A broader concept of imitation is needed, one which acknowledges that true invention is important, that the artist's creativity in part transcends the non-artistic causal factors out of which it arises.

Who will deny that in a vast portion of the South the Federal action is incompatible with the Jeffersonian concept of `` the consent of the governed ''??

For it is their catastrophic concept of the Anglo-Saxon invasions rather than Kemble's gradualist approach which dominates the field.

But beginning, for all practical purposes, with Frederick Seebohm's English Village Community scholars have had to reckon with a theory involving institutional and agrarian continuity between Roman and Anglo-Saxon times which is completely at odds with the reigning concept of the Anglo-Saxon invasions.

It is ironic that Washington is having to struggle so for a concept that for six years it bypassed as unreasonable.

The concept of labor as a special class is outmoded, and in the task confronting America as bastion of the free world, labor must learn to put the national interest first if it is itself to survive.

The most fundamental concept of the new approach to economic aid is the focusing of our attention, our resources, and our energies on the effort to promote the economic and social development of the less developed countries.

While it is easy enough to ridicule Hawkins' pronouncement in Pleas Of The Crown from a metaphysical point of view, the concept of the `` oneness '' of a married couple may reflect an abiding belief that the communion between husband and wife is such that their actions are not always to be regarded by the criminal law as if there were no marriage.

That we had the wit and wisdom to adopt Mr. Lowell's concept and make it the base for our processes of selection is one reason why our selections have been, it may be said truly, pretty uniformly good.

It is this sort of experience that makes the concept of high fidelity of real musical significance for the home music listener.

The concept of trans-illumination ( as shown by the photo on p. 92 ), as just one example, offers an entirely new approach to lighting problems -- no matter what industry is involved.