A partial formalization of the concept began with attempts to solve the Entscheidungsproblem ( the " decision problem ") posed by David Hilbert in 1928.

In essence, the data warehousing concept was intended to provide an architectural model for the flow of data from operational systems to decision support environments.

He was also the first to discuss this concept in terms of uncertainty ; i. e. it is impossible to have perfect and complete information at any given time to make a decision.

The concept of " Miranda rights " was enshrined in U. S. law following the 1966 Miranda v. Arizona Supreme Court decision, which found that the Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights of Ernesto Arturo Miranda had been violated during his arrest and trial for domestic violence.

Douglas joined the majority opinion of the U. S. Supreme Court in Roe, which stated that a federally enforceable right to privacy, " whether it be founded in the Fourteenth Amendment's concept of personal liberty and restrictions upon state action, as we feel it is, or, as the District Court determined, in the Ninth Amendment's reservation of rights to the people, is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy.

This is where Al Gore first became familiarized with the concept of the V-Chip and the exposure helped him to advise Bill Clinton which led to the decision to pass the Telecommunications Act of 1996.

A government that is unable to obtain supply can be dismissed by the Governor-General: however, this is generally considered a last resort and is a highly controversial decision to take, given the conflict between the traditional concept of confidence as derived from the lower house and the ability of the Senate to block supply.

Following a 1959 Australian decision (" NRDC "), they believe that it is not possible to grasp the invention concept in a single rule.

In his majority opinion, Justice Holmes introduced the clear and present danger test, which would become an important concept in First Amendment law ; but the Schenck decision did not formally adopt the test.

Game theorists use the Nash equilibrium concept to analyze the outcome of the strategic interaction of several decision makers.

The concept of fiscal federalism is not to be associated with fiscal decentralization in officially declared federations only ; it is applicable even to non-federal states ( having no formal federal constitutional arrangement ) in the sense that they encompass different levels of government which have defacto decision making authority ( Sharma, 2005a: 44 ).

It should be noted, however, that neither decision relied on the concept of corporate personhood, and the Buckley decision in particular deals with the rights of individuals and political committees, not corporations.

Article 104 mandates that deprivation of personal liberty must be provided for by statute and authorised by a judge before the end of the day following the arrest ( analogous to the common law concept of Habeas corpus ), and that a relative or a person in the confidence of the prisoner must be notified of a judicial decision imposing detention.

The cost effective proof of concept was established decades ago, but cultural assimilation into architecture, construction trades, and building-owner decision making has been very slow and difficult to change.

Two of its main practitioners during the McNamara era, Alain C. Enthoven and K. Wayne Smith, described the concept as follows: " First, the word ' systems ' indicates that every decision should be considered in as broad a context as necessary … The word ' analysis ' emphasizes the need to reduce a complex problem to its component parts for better understanding.

In decision making in international relations, the concept of Conjuncture ( international relations ), together with freedom of action and equality are important elements.

Regicide has particular resonance within the concept of the Divine Right of Kings, whereby monarchs were presumed by decision of God to have a divinely anointed authority to rule.

Boyd's key concept was that of the decision cycle or OODA loop, the process by which an entity ( either an individual or an organization ) reacts to an event.

In a 1969, Fourth Circuit decision, U. S. v. Moylan, 417 F. 2d 1002 ( 4th Cir. 1969 ), the Court affirmed the concept of jury nullification, but upheld the power of a court to refuse to permit an instruction to the jury to this effect.

This same concept has been supported by a former president of the feminist organization National Organization for Women, attorney Karen DeCrow, who wrote that " if a woman makes a unilateral decision to bring pregnancy to term, and the biological father does not, and cannot, share in this decision, he should not be liable for 21 years of support ... autonomous women making independent decisions about their lives should not expect men to finance their choice.

In academic literature, the phenomenon of regulatory competition reducing standards overall was argued for by AA Berle and GC Means in The Modern Corporation and Private Property ( 1932 ) while the concept received formal recognition by the US Supreme Court in a decision of Justice Louis Brandeis in the 1933 case Ligget Co. v. Lee ( 288 U. S. 517, 558 – 559 ).

The tribulations with the Tigerfish torpedo development, from its concept in the mid-1950s to the introduction of the unsuccessful Mod 0 variant into Royal Navy service in 1980, were responsible for the decision to purchase cruise missiles to attack ships from Royal Navy submarines.

This faith in autonomy is the central premise of the concept of informed consent and shared decision making.

An over-all concept will guide industry where available talents and facilities will yield greatest dividends.

The central concept which is needed for this purpose is called categorical limit, and can be dualized to yield the notion of a colimit.

The deviation from the relational model arises from the fact that the implementation of this ad hoc concept in SQL involves the use of three-valued logic, under which the comparison of NULL with itself does not yield true but instead yields the third truth value, unknown ; similarly the comparison NULL with something other than itself does not yield false but instead yields unknown.

The concept of fusion-boosted fission was first tested on May 25, 1951, in the Item shot of Operation Greenhouse, Eniwetok, yield 45. 5 kilotons.

The concept of radiation implosion was first tested on May 9, 1951, in the George shot of Operation Greenhouse, Eniwetok, yield 225 kilotons.

A yield surface may be constructed, which provides a visual representation of this concept.

* Interest rate parity and Covered interest arbitrage: The simple concept that two similar investments in two different currencies ought to yield the same return.

The concept of maximum sustainable yield is not always easy to apply in practice.

In 2004 and 2005, several community banks in West Texas adopted the idea, and a 3rd party vendor, BancVue, combined the maximum-balance concept with the idea of a higher yield for customers who adopt specific cost-savings behaviors, as a " Reward " Checking account.

Annual percentage yield or effective annual yield is the analogous concept used for savings or investment products, such as a certificate of deposit.

The concept of current yield is closely related to other bond concepts, including yield to maturity, and coupon yield.

Although strictly speaking, a limit does not give information about any finite first part of the sequence, this concept is of practical importance if we deal with a sequence of successive approximations for an iterative method, as then typically fewer iterations are needed to yield a useful approximation if the rate of convergence is higher.

One of the key insights of rough set research — although by no means unique to it — is that, in general, the selection of different sets of features or variables will yield different concept granulations.

The concept of current yield is closely related to other bond concepts, including yield to maturity, and coupon yield.

The Labour Party environment policy, such as this quote from Part I, paragraph 3, owed much to the Brundtland Commission's concept of sustainable development ; to ensure the management of the human use of the biosphere to yield the greatest sustainable benefits to present generations while maintaining the potential to meet the goods and aspirations of future generations

Parallel with the rise of cultural anthropology in the United States, social anthropology, in which sociality is the central concept and which focuses on the study of social statuses and roles, groups, institutions, and the relations among them, developed as an academic discipline in Britain.

The concept of " Cosmic Christology ", first elaborated by Saint Paul, focuses on how the arrival of Jesus as the Son of God forever changed the nature of the cosmos.

A core concept to Confucianism is Ren (" benevolent love ", 仁 ), which focuses on duty, action and attitude in a relationship rather than love itself.

This treatment focuses on explaining the behavior from the perspective of the widely used Copenhagen interpretation, in which wave – particle duality is one aspect of the concept of complementarity, that a phenomenon can be viewed in one way or in another, but not both simultaneously.

Training focuses on the concept of “ decentering ,” which is the act of taking a present-focused and non-judgmental stance towards thoughts and feelings.

This concept focuses on the necessity of hierarchies and how some people are bound to be on the bottom of the pyramid.

This concept album focuses on the history of Japanese / U. S. relations from the 19th century to the " trade war " of the time of its release.

The college focuses on the concept of higher, postgraduate and lifelong learning and also caters to part-time mature students.

A Taoic religion is a religion, or religious philosophy, that focuses on the East Asian concept of Tao (" The Way ").

Though the original name for the concept now known as appropriate technology, " intermediate technology " is now often considered a subset of appropriate technology that focuses on technology that is more productive than " inefficient " traditional technologies, but less costly than the technology of industrialized societies.

The unit focuses on the concept of consumer product life cycle analysis, an approach to assessing the environmental impacts of a product at each stage in its life from raw materials extraction through disposal.

Prior to acquisition by Northrop Grumman, the company was founded to develop experimental aircraft, but now focuses on designing and developing concept craft and prototype fabrication processes for aircraft and other vehicles.

The religious term, Zen, focuses on the concept of simplicity and concentrates on the inner feeling rather than the appearance.

The Applebee's concept focuses on casual dining, with mainstream American dishes such as salads, shrimp, chicken, pasta, and " riblets " ( which is considered Applebee's signature dish ).

Therefore, this album's concept is similar to their previous Ummagumma album, in that it features the full band in the first half, and focuses on individual members in the second half.

" Destiny is also a prominent factor in the anime Mawaru-Penguindrum, which focuses on the concept that humans cannot escape from their own fate.

Bloch's work focuses on the concept that in a humanistic world where oppression and exploitation have been eliminated there will always be a truly revolutionary force.

The method that was originally created and used by Constantin Stanislavski from 1911 to 1916 was based on the concept of emotional memory for which an actor focuses internally to portray a character's emotions onstage.

The Miami Herald also operates Politifact Florida, a website that focuses on the truth about Florida issues ; the site is jointly-operated with its partner newspaper, the Tampa Bay Times, which created the Politifact concept.

In addition, many raw-foodists, particularly primal-dieters, are believers in the hygiene hypothesis, a concept which focuses on the health benefits of exposure to parasites and bacteria.

Second, the term Smart Device Environments can also refer to the concept of a smart environment which focuses more specifically on the physical environment of the device.

Wehler's examination of Nazi rule is shaped by his concept of " charismatic domination ," which focuses heavily on Adolf Hitler.

It is a very broad concept which focuses on the risks arising from the people, systems and processes through which a company operates.

This approach focuses on the concept that crime occurs when an opportunity is taken within both parties ’ non-criminal spatial activity.

In 1988, Hardcastle released the concept album, No Winners, which focuses on the potential negative effects of the Cold War arms race.