In short, the concept of parity is about getting the last move in every empty region in the end-game, and thereby increasing the number of stable disks.

The concept of parity also controls how edge positions are played and how edges interact.

* Gustav Cassel, professor of economics at the Stockholm University, created the standard mathematical formulation of purchasing power parity, a central concept in microeconomics.

This extra " left-right symmetry " restores the concept of parity which had been shown not to hold at low energy scales for the weak interaction.

Through the defeat of the Catholic hegemony over Switzerland and the end of the lengthy religious disputes that had riven the Confederacy, the 11 August 1712 Peace of Aarau () established confessional parity, allowing both religions to coexist in legal equality — a concept relatively common to the Holy Roman Empire since the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

* Interest rate parity and Covered interest arbitrage: The simple concept that two similar investments in two different currencies ought to yield the same return.

Analyzing strategy, Schlesinger maintained that the theory and practice of the 1950s and 1960s had been overtaken by events, particularly the rise of the Soviet Union to virtual nuclear parity with the United States and the effect this development had on the concept of deterrence.

It was expected that West Germany would soon be allowed to rearm, and the Germans had appeared to entertain the concept of equipping their forces with a host of low-cost light, but relatively powerfully armed tanks, their quantity compensating for a lack of full armament parity with the latest medium tanks.

* List of countries by GDP ( PPP ), a list using the concept of purchasing power parity to derive GDP estimates

This led in the West to the concept of mutually assured destruction, MAD, in which any changes to the strategic balance had to be carefully weighed.

This has led mathematicians and computer scientists to believe that the concept of computability is accurately characterized by these three equivalent processes.

The development of the concept of the corporation led to the wealthy supporters of the corporate form becoming suspicious of all unincorporated legal entities, which in turn led to the modern concept of the unincorporated or voluntary association.

During the tour Bowie's observation of two seminal American proto-punk artists led him to develop a concept that would eventually find form in the Ziggy Stardust character: a melding of the persona of Iggy Pop with the music of Lou Reed, producing " the ultimate pop idol ".

His work contributed to the conceptual revolution that led to the modern evolutionary synthesis of Mendelian genetics, systematics, and Darwinian evolution, and to the development of the biological species concept.

It also led to a mathematical formulation of the concept of entropy by Clausius and to the introduction of laws of radiant energy by Jožef Stefan.

Ecclesia and evangelist portrait s. A number of biblical passages, including those describing Christ as a " bridegroom " led early in the history of the church to the concept of the church as the Bride of Christ, which was shown in art using a queenly personification.

The subroutine concept led to the availability of a substantial subroutine library.

The Gaelic Athletic Association, the Gaelic League and the cultural revival under W. B. Yeats and Lady Augusta Gregory, together with the new political thinking of Arthur Griffith expressed in his newspaper Sinn Féin and the organisations the National Council and the Sinn Féin League led to the identification of Irish people with the concept of a Gaelic nation and culture, completely independent of Britain.

His concept " Dyson's transform " led to one of the most important lemmas of Olivier Ramaré's theorem that every even integer can be written as a sum of no more than six primes.

Hutton's theory led him to conclude that reliance on Bruiel's initial sketch resulted in many later scholars erroneously claiming that " The Sorcerer " was evidence that the concept of a Horned God dated back to Paleolithic times

Taking this into consideration, he was thus associated with Amenhotep son of Hapu, who was another deified architect, in the region of Thebes where they were worshipped as " brothers " in temples dedicated to Thot and later in Hermopolis following the syncretist concept of Hermes-Thot, a concept that led to another syncretic belief, that of Hermes Trismegistus and hermeticism.

A NASA multi-center Technology Applications Assessment Team led from the Johnson Spaceflight Center, has as of January 2011 described " Nautilus-X ", a concept study for a multi-mission space exploration vehicle useful for missions beyond low earth orbit ( LEO ), of up to 24 months duration for a crew of up to six.

These were originated by Professor Colin Ramshaw and led to the concept of Process Intensification: research into these novel technologies is now being pursued by the Process Intensification Group at Newcastle University.

As originator of the Dogme 95 concept, which has led to international interest in Danish film as a whole, he has inspired filmmakers all over the world.

These " aether-wind " experiments led to a flurry of efforts to " save " aether by assigning to it ever more complex properties, while only few scientists like Emil Cohn or Alfred Bucherer considered the possibility of the abandonment of the aether concept.

Overall, his early love of Roman and Italian landscapes and of nature led to his interest in the concept of regular division of a plane, which he applied in over 150 colored works.

Mercenary-on-mercenary warfare in Italy led to relatively bloodless campaigns which relied as much on manoeuvre as on battles, since the condottieri recognized it was more efficient to attack the enemy's ability to wage war rather than his battle forces, discovering the concept of indirect warfare 500 years before Sir Basil Liddell Hart, and attempting to attack the enemy supply lines, his economy and his ability to wage war rather than risking an open battle, and manoeuvre him into a position where risking a battle would have been suicidial.

This led to the concept of " shuttles " and it seemed performance had improved, but the developers moved on with the system in a semi-usable state.

As the provincial highways and the United States highway system began to develop in the 1920s, long-distance road journeys became more common, and the need for inexpensive, easily accessible overnight accommodation sited close to the main routes led to the growth of the motel concept.

The photon concept has led to momentous advances in experimental and theoretical physics, such as lasers, Bose – Einstein condensation, quantum field theory, and the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics.

A player may intend, for example, to create a character who is a strong, mighty warrior, but being " outplayed " in the auction may result in lower attribute scores than anticipated, therefore necessitating a change of character concept.

Following an interpretation of, for instance,, adherents of the Born again concept believe that when a person accepts Jesus as the Messiah and receives the Holy Spirit, a radical " change of heart " occurs.

A new concept, popularized by John Fairbank was the notion of " change within tradition " which argued that although China did change in the pre-modern period but that this change existed within certain cultural traditions.

Michel Foucault's concept of discourse is closely related to social rules as it offers a possible explanation how these rules are shaped and change.

Haeckel introduced the concept of " heterochrony ", which is the change in timing of embryonic development over the course of evolution.

Among the goals of ethnology have been the reconstruction of human history, and the formulation of cultural invariants, such as the incest taboo and culture change, and the formulation of generalizations about " human nature ", a concept which has been criticized since the 19th century by various philosophers ( Hegel, Marx, structuralism, etc .).

In politics, the concept of gradualism is used to describe the belief that change ought to be brought about in small, discrete increments rather than in abrupt strokes such as revolutions or uprisings.

So hypertext signifies a change from linear, structured and hierarchical forms of representing and understanding the world into fractured, decentralized and changeable media based on the technological concept of hypertext links.

Bloomfield throughout his career, but particularly during his early career, emphasized the Neogrammarian principle of regular sound change as a foundational concept in historical linguistics.

* Incremental computing – a related concept whereby computations are only repeated if their inputs change.

Lorentz noticed that it was necessary to change the space-time variables when changing frames and introduced concepts like physical length contraction ( 1892 ) to explain the Michelson-Morley experiment, and the mathematical concept of local time ( 1895 ) to explain the aberration of light and the Fizeau experiment.

For Einstein, the Lorentz transformation implied a conceptual change: that the concept of position in space or time was not absolute, but could differ depending on the observer's location and velocity.

In 1983, the idea turned concept was approved under the " Offline 55 " program, an internal Mazda initiative that sought to change the way new models were developed.

In historical onomasiology or, more generally, in historical linguistics, metaphor is defined as semantic change based on similarity, i. e. a similarity in form or function between the original concept named by a word and the target concept named by this word.

Though the concept of a shared universe was not new or unique to comics in 1961, writer / editor Stan Lee, together with several artists including Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko, created a series of titles where events in one book would have repercussions in another title and serialized stories would show characters ' growth and change.

Concern about the rapid pace of technological change crystallized around the concept of the technological singularity, popularized by Vernor Vinge's novel Marooned in Realtime and then taken up by other authors.

This generalization of the concept of slope allows very complex constructions to be planned and built that go well beyond static structures that are either horizontals or verticals, but can change in time, move in curves, and change depending on the rate of change of other factors.

Further, Tolkien's concept of Middle-earth was to continually change and slowly evolve throughout his life and writings.

It is used to illustrate the concept of taxable income elasticity ( that taxable income will change in response to changes in the rate of taxation ).