Mercenary-on-mercenary warfare in Italy led to relatively bloodless campaigns which relied as much on manoeuvre as on battles, since the condottieri recognized it was more efficient to attack the enemy's ability to wage war rather than his battle forces, discovering the concept of indirect warfare 500 years before Sir Basil Liddell Hart, and attempting to attack the enemy supply lines, his economy and his ability to wage war rather than risking an open battle, and manoeuvre him into a position where risking a battle would have been suicidial.

The idea was elaborated by the moral theologian John A. Ryan, who initiated the concept of a living wage.

Before the American Civil War, Southern defenders of African American slavery invoked the concept of wage slavery to favorably compare the condition of their slaves to workers in the North.

Social mobility, or the hard work and risk that it may entail, are thus not considered to be a redeeming factor by critics of the concept of wage slavery.

To Marx and anarchist thinkers like Bakunin and Kropotkin their concept of wage slavery was as a class condition in place due to the existence of private property and the state.

George considered it a great injustice that private profit was being earned from restricting access to natural resources while productive activity was burdened with heavy taxes, and indicated that such a system was equivalent to slavery — a concept somewhat similar to wage slavery.

* Harvester Judgment, a 1908 Australian High Court case that established the concept of a minimum wage

A related concept is that of a family wage – one sufficient to not only support oneself, but also to raise a family.

From the Harvester Judgement arose the Australian industrial concept of the basic wage.

The concept of a basic wage was repeatedly challenged by employer groups through the Basic wage cases and Metal Trades Award cases where the employers argued that the basic wage and margin ought to be replaced by a " total wage ".

They invented the concept of middle management, set up career paths for promotion of aspiring employees, and established uniform bureaucratic rules for hiring, seniority, firing, promotions, wage rates and benefits.

In 1956, Khrushchev introduced the concept of a minimum wage.

A related concept is that of wage dispersion.

Higgins, which first introduced the concept of the living wage ( also known as a basic wage ).

Therefore, after Muhammad and his companions, there is no concept in Islam obliging Muslims to wage war for propagation or implementation of Islam, hence now, the only valid reason for war is to end oppression when all other measures have failed.

He was considered an advocate of the concept that government incomes policy should prevent inflationary wage and price settlements in connection to the customary fiscal and monetary means of regulating the economy.

Javed Ahmad Ghamidi believes that after Muhammad and his companions, there is no concept in Islam obliging Muslims to wage war for propagation or implementation of Islam.

They recognized that slavery was a moral issue and not merely an economic interest, and that to recognize it explicitly in their Constitution would be in explosive contradiction to the concept of sovereignty they had set forth in the Declaration of 1776 that `` all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among them are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

In the context of American slavery, this ancient sense of " down " converged with the concept of " down the river " ( the Mississippi ), where slaves ' conditions were notoriously worse, a situation which left the idiom " sell down the river " in present-day English.

The lack of progress made in defining creoles in terms of their morphology and syntax has led scholars such as Robert Chaudenson, Salikoko Mufwene and Henri Wittmann to question the value of creole as a typological class ; they argue that creoles are structurally no different from any other language, and that creole is a sociohistoric concept — not a linguistic one — encompassing displaced population and slavery.

Calhoun's defense of slavery became defunct, but his concept of concurrent majority, whereby a minority has the right to object to or even veto hostile legislation directed against it, has been cited by other advocates of the rights of minorities.

As slavery gradually disappeared and the legal status of these servi became nearly identical to that of coloni, the term changed meaning into our modern concept of " serf ".

The concept of " states ' rights " was invoked to defend the continuation of slavery in the United States on the eve of the American Civil War, and again to fight against the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s.

Never one to oppose slavery in concept — both his father and his wife were slaveowners — his property used 105 slaves in its production.

This law rendered the federal Fugitive Slave Act effectively unenforceable in Vermont and caused a storm of controversy nationally because it was a " nullification " of federal law, a concept that had become highly charged in debates over slavery.

Because this region was entirely slave-free from its inception and separated by the Ohio River from the South — which was pushing an expansion of legal slavery into the West — the concept developed of " free states " in contrast to " slave states.

In the United States, the concept of the one-drop rule has been chiefly applied by European Americans to those of sub-Saharan black African ancestry in the aftermath of slavery, as they were trying to impose white supremacy.

Before the American Civil War, Southern defenders of African American slavery invoked the concept to favorably compare the condition of their slaves to workers in the North.

The modern concept of liberty has its origins in the Greek concepts of freedom and slavery.

Abolitionists, who had brought the habeas corpus suit, wanted a rule which would have freed the girl, while southern defenders of the practiced wanted the court to uphold the concept of comity and acknowledge the legality of slavery.

Southerners opposed Douglas ' support for popular sovereignty-a concept which would have allowed new territories to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery.

Through these books, Antoniou explores the concept of meta-consent, gratification through service, consensual slavery, and the support structures needed to maintain a hidden society.

In an evolving concept, they came to proclaim slavery a positive good, a civilizing benefit to the enslaved, and a proper response to the " natural " differences between whites and blacks.

The 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which ended slavery, specifically perpetuated the concept of " penal servitude " — i. e., unfree labor as a punishment for a crime.

The " Slave Reparations Act " ( also called the Slavery Reparation Tax Credit, Black Tax Credit or Black Inheritance Tax Refund ) is a tax fraud related to the concept of reparations for slavery.

This and other fears of the solar system have disappeared gradually, first, with the Ptolemaic system and its built-in concept of periodicity and then, more firmly, with the Newtonian innovation of an universal force that could account quantitatively for both terrestial and celestial motions.

In his concept there could be no one else present.

The tremendous emphasis on the 5 in the Lo Shu square -- for purely mathematical reasons -- and the fact that this number so neatly symbolized the heart and center of the universe, could well explain why the Old Chinese seem to have so revered the number 5, and why they put so much stress on the concept of Centrality.

He was closer to understanding it in English now, although it could never have the inevitability of the Martian concept it stood for.

Yes, those could be commodities under this concept.

In this concept, for a given accuracy in measuring a position one could only obtain a range of probable values for momentum, and vice versa.

These included the concept of warning colouration in animals, and the Wallace effect, a hypothesis on how natural selection could contribute to speciation by encouraging the development of barriers against hybridization.

This text clarified the concept of an element as a substance that could not be broken down by any known method of chemical analysis, and presented Lavoisier's theory of the formation of chemical compounds from elements.

Although the VPI / VCI values are not necessarily consistent from one end of the connection to the other, the concept of a circuit is consistent ( unlike IP, where any given packet could get to its destination by a different route than the others ).

Instead, the philosopher encounters a problem :" Now, if the ' to be ' of a thing could be conceived apart from that which exists, it should be represented in our mind by some note distinct from the concept of the thing itself ....

His solution was the concept of “ alternative location ,” in which a particular subject could be put in more than one place, as long as the library made a specific choice and used it consistently.

And a single programmer could do most or all of the computer programming needed to generate the proof of concept to launch a new " killer " application.

" News " today is virtually always dramatized, at least by pitting " one side " against another in the fictional journalistic concept that all stories must contain " both sides " ( as though reality could be reduced to two sides ) or by using more intensive dramatic developments similar to feature movies.

The spine could be used for the incipit, before the concept of a proper title was developed, during medieval times.

Although the utilitarian concept of enlightened self-interest could be considered an agent-focused form of the philosophy.

The concept of a new free encyclopedia began with the Interpedia proposal on Usenet in 1993, which outlined an Internet-based online encyclopedia to which anyone could submit content and that would be freely accessible.

" Mussolini claimed that dynamic or heroic capitalism and the bourgeoisie could be prevented from degenerating into static capitalism and then supercapitalism if the concept of economic individualism were abandoned and if state supervision of the economy was introduced.

By doing so Copleston makes clear that Aquinas wanted to put forth the concept of an omnipresent God rather than a being that could have disappeared after setting the chain of cause and effect into motion.

Hayek's analysis was based on Böhm-Bawerk's concept of the " average period of production " and on the effects that monetary policy could have upon it.

There are also several implementations of the concept of an extended cell, where the cell radius could be double or even more, depending on the antenna system, the type of terrain and the timing advance.

Schneider uses the concept of the " objective historian " to suggest that this could be used as an aid in assessing what makes an historian suitable to be an expert witnesses under the Daubert standard in the United States.

Aristotle (, Aristotélēs ) ( 384 BCE – 322 BCE ), a student of Plato, promoted the concept that observation of physical phenomena could ultimately lead to the discovery of the natural laws governing them.

In the hacker viewpoint, any system could benefit from an easy flow of information, a concept known as transparency in the social sciences.

One could take this concept even further by not only the properties but also its subject matter of the " ship ".

The samurai could equate the disregard for his own life in the heat of battle, which was considered necessary for victory in individual combat, to the Buddhist concept of the illusory nature of the distinction between life and death.