* Archaeological research focuses on items left behind during people ’ s activities: fragments of pottery vessels, garbage, human remains, stone tools or evidence left from the construction of dwellings.

Throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder.

Much later, in 1869, a great number of blocks of stone from Amathus were used for the construction of the Suez Canal.

Although large Chinese bridges of wooden construction existed at the time of the Warring States, the oldest surviving stone bridge in China is the Zhaozhou Bridge, built from 595 to 605 AD during the Sui Dynasty.

The other is stone and ' Time Binding ', through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their society ( Wark, McKenzie 1997 ).

Its widespread use in many Roman structures, a key event in the history of architecture termed the Roman Architectural Revolution, freed Roman construction from the restrictions of stone and brick material and allowed for revolutionary new designs in terms of both structural complexity and dimension.

Much of the city, including railroads and stockyards, survived intact, and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone which would set the precedent for worldwide construction.

Granite is nearly always massive ( lacking internal structures ), hard and tough, and therefore it has gained widespread use as a construction stone.

( 2 ) The construction of the focal grave, an 11 ft by 8 ft rectangular stone enclosure containing a single cist grave.

Moreover, chiefs or headmen didn't reside in elaborate stone palaces, nor did their religion require the construction of large temples or compounds.

Traditionally, at least in the countryside, the stone from these flows is cut and used in the construction of homes, often in joint use with cement, brick and wood, forming a unique look to the exterior of country houses.

As a consequence of this, many walls from medieval times were torn down and the stone ( still valuable as construction material ) reused in more modern bulwarks and bastions.

The common materials of masonry construction are brick, stone, marble, granite, travertine, limestone, cast stone, concrete block, glass block, stucco, and tile.

There are also of stone panels carved in bas-relief, that include pictorial records documenting every construction step including carving the statues and transporting them on a barge.

The construction of stone pyramids is based on the native beliefs that mountains and high places are the abode for the spirit of the ancestors.

The cornerstone is the first stone set in the construction of a masonry foundation and over time it became a ceremonial stone with the laying of the stone being generally important metaphorically in sacred architecture.

The regularity of the latter favors use as a source for masonry, either as a primary building material or as a facing stone, over other construction.

The victory has been commemorated by the construction of Trajan's Column, which depicts in stone carved basreliefs the Dacian Wars ' most important moments.

According to Don Rosa's timelines the Clan is known since 122 AD, when an, as of yet, unnamed member of the clan sold stone to the construction crew of Hadrian's wall.

In 1624, he acquired more and entrusted Philibert Le Roy with the construction of a small hunting lodge of red bricks and stone with a slate roof.

Additionally, there has been a trend in recent years to add modern wings and façades to historic buildings, the most prominent example of which is the Bucharest Architects ' Association Building, which is a modern glass-and-steel construction built inside a historic stone façade.

Soap stone or Chloritic Schist was used for the construction of these temples.

not like the cracker-box construction of so many of the motel units that have stucco all over the outside but walls that are thin enough so you can hear every movement of the people in the adjoining apartment.

An adobe wall can serve as a significant heat reservoir due to the thermal properties inherent in the massive walls typical in adobe construction.

* Building With Awareness A detailed how-to DVD video that shows adobe wall construction and their use as thermal mass walls

Mug House, a typical cliff dwelling of the period, was home to around 100 people who shared 94 small rooms and eight kivas built right up against each other and sharing many of their walls ; builders in these areas maximized space in any way they could and no areas were considered off-limits to construction.

The restoration of London progressed through the later half of the 880s and is believed to have revolved around a new street plan, added fortifications in addition to the existing Roman walls, and, some believe, the construction of matching fortifications on the South bank of the River Thames.

Megara deserted the Spartan-led Peloponnesian League and allied herself with Athens, allowing construction of a double line of walls across the Isthmus of Corinth and protecting Athens from attack from that quarter.

Building projects were commenced immediately after the conquest, which included the repair of the walls, construction of the citadel, and building a new palace.

Davenport has adopted ordinances that any new construction in the floodplain must be elevated above the 100-year-flood level or protected with walls.

Portions of structures that are subdivided by fire walls are permitted to be considered separate buildings, in that fire walls have sufficient structural stability to maintain the integrity of the wall in the event of the collapse of the building construction on either side of the wall.

The earliest advances occurred in the development of earth pressure theories for the construction of retaining walls.

First small inside rooms framing, then later, whole walls were prefabricated and carried to the construction site.

As Cuzco grew, Sacsayhuaman's walls were partially dismantled, the site becoming a convenient source of construction materials for the city's newer inhabitants.

Pope St Pius V also helped financially in the construction of the city of Valletta, Malta's capital city by sending his military engineer Francesco Laparelli to design the fortification walls.

The city kept its Macedonian walls, and its general plan was modified only partially by the construction of a forum, a little to the east of the site of Greek agora.

Aloisio da Milano, as well as the other Italian architects, also greatly contributed to the construction of the Kremlin walls and towers.

His emissaries having failed in Damascus, he undertook the restoration of Constantinople's walls and the construction of a new fleet.

The city walls were repaired and their extensions laid out, while the construction of the Cairo Citadel was commenced.

One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework from which curtain walls are suspended, rather than load-bearing walls of conventional construction.

Some early skyscrapers have a steel frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete.

When construction was finished the porous sandstone walls were coated with a mixture of lime, rice glue, casein, and lead, giving the house its familiar color and name.

That summer the two friends visited Oxford and finding the new Oxford Union debating-hall under construction, pursued a commission to paint the upper walls with scenes from Le Morte d ' Arthur and to decorate the roof between the open timbers.

* December 20 – Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria issues a decree, Es ist Mein Wille, which leads to the demolition of the city walls of Vienna, allowing the construction of the Ringstraße.