They may include an integrated keyboard, or may exist as " sound modules " or " expanders " that generate sounds when triggered by an external controller.

During the Brain Salad Surgery tour of 1974 ( one show of which was documented on the 3-LP set, Welcome Back My Friends, to the Show That Never Ends ), Emerson's keyboard setup included the Hammond C-3 organ, run through multiple Leslie speakers driven by HiWatt guitar amplifiers, the Moog 3C modular synthesiser ( modified by addition of various modules and an oscilloscope ) with ribbon controller, a Steinway concert grand piano with a Moog Minimoog synthesiser on top of it ( used for the steel drum part on Karn Evil 9, 2nd Impression ), an upright acoustic-electric piano that was used for honky-tonk piano sounds, a Hohner Clavinet and another Moog Minimoog synthesiser.

A typical vehicle in the early 2000s would have between 20 and 100 individual networked microcontroller / Programmable logic controller modules with non-real-time operating systems.

RAM could be maxed out to 128 MB, however, if the ROMs were upgraded to those used in the IIx ( or if MODE32 was used ), as the Mac II's memory controller supported higher-density memory modules than did the stock ROM.

The Starfire contains one or two controller modules which are connected via Ethernet to an external computer, the System Service Processor ( SSP ).

This means that when using the original DX7 as a MIDI controller to play external sound modules, the patches on these modules must be adjusted to be more sensitive to velocity.

DX7 Mark II models resolved these deficiencies and were equipped with full MIDI implementation, including the ability to send and receive on any or all of 16 channels, send program change commands, controllers commands ( total of 103 parameters can be assigned to any controller ), and SysEx ( system exclusive ) messages, thus making them quite useful as a MIDI controllers for other synths and sound modules.

Though an important milestone, Zero 1 was not widely successful ; the controller units and decoder modules required for the locomotives were expensive, but with clean track and well serviced locos the system worked well.

The Master Control unit was discontinued in 1985, the Slave controller, Loco Modules, and accessory modules were still available until the late 1980s.

TMCCII is backwards-compatible with existing TMCC modules, and can work simultaneously with Cab-1 controller.

It featured the same synthesis modules as the VCS3, but housed in a horizontal box casing, with a 29-note mini-keyboard controller and two small built in speakers.

Multiple modules are coordinated at power up by an L2 controller which communicated to the modules via USB ports.

In addition, some common Perl modules, such as Apache, Class :: DBI and Template Toolkit, already perform important parts required for model, view or controller operation, so Maypole provides wrapper classes to help them fit into the framework.

An IPMI sub-system consists of a main controller, called the baseboard management controller ( BMC ) and other management controllers distributed among different system modules that are referred to as satellite controllers.

The keyboard merely acts as a MIDI controller of sound modules and other MIDI devices, including activating sounds by MIDI control within DAW software.

Registered ( also called buffered ) memory modules have a register between the DRAM modules and the system's memory controller.

They place less electrical load on the memory controller and allow single systems to remain stable with more memory modules than they would have otherwise.

The maintenance response to the logbook entries that noted the problems included engine inspection, fuel filter drainage and replacement, vane controller inspection and replacement, water drainage from Mach probes, insufficient modules, and other filter replacements.

PXI modules providing the instrument functions are plugged into a PXI chassis which may include its own controller running an industry standard operating system such as Windows XP, Windows 2000, or Linux ( which is not yet PXI System Alliance approved ), or a PCI-to-PXI bridge that provides a high-speed link to a desktop PC controller.

But these needed the infamous TRS-80 expansion interface, which was very expensive, and had a very unreliable floppy disk controller because it used the WD1771 floppy disc controller chip without an external " data separator ".

So they decided to also develop their own alternative in the form of an improved floppy disk controller and printer interface that could be built right into a floppy disk enclosure.

The first version of the Aster consisted of four " Eurocard's ", one Z80 CPU card with 64KB memory, one Motorola MC6845 based video card, one double density floppy disk controller card and one " keyboard / RS232 / cassette interface " card.

Because the original designer had left the company another employee completely redesigned most of the system, ( adding a display snow remover circuit, true 80 / 64 column text mode support, ( with different size letters for TRS-80 and CP / M mode, so that in TRS-80 mode the full screen was also used, not just a 64x16 portion of the 80x25 screen ) with an improved font set ( adding " gray scale " version of the TRS-80 mozaik graphics and many special PETSCII like characters ), and a more flexible and reliable floppy disk controller and keyboard interface plus many other small improvements ), also an enclosure was developed for the main computer system, ( in the form of a 19-inch rack for the Eurocards ) and for two floppy disk drives and the power supply.

Although neither machine has a built-in disk operating system ( cassette tapes being the default data-storage mechanism in the home computer market at the time ), DragonDOS was supplied as part of the disk controller interface from Dragon Data Ltd.

However, it is increasingly common to separate user interface and sound-generating functions into a music controller ( input device ) and a music synthesizer, respectively, with the two devices communicating through a musical performance description language such as MIDI or Open Sound Control.

* Host controller interface ( USB, Firewire ), between a host computer and a USB, Firewire bus adapter

Using a control interface similar to the industry standard Steenbeck flatbed controller, Lightworks was designed to be a non-linear editing system.

The U. S. Navy used a PDP-11 / 34 to control its Multi-station Spatial Disorientation Device, a simulator used in pilot training, until 2007, when it was replaced by a PC-based emulator that could run the original PDP-11 software and interface with custom Unibus controller cards.

This is in addition to the hardware standard on the IBM PC, PC / XT, and PC / AT motherboards: keyboard interface, expansion slots, memory subsystem, DMA, interrupt controller, and math coprocessor socket.

* Network interface controller, the device a computer uses to connect to a computer network

The matrix switch is controlled via an Ethernet or RS-232 serial connection by a whole-house automation controller, such as those made by AMX, Crestron, or Control4-which provides the user interface that enables the user in each room to select which appliance to watch.

The Ultra DMA ( UDMA ) interface was the fastest method used to transfer data between the computer ( through the ATA controller ) and an ATA device until Serial ATA.

It includes Zilog eZ80AcclaimPlus controller, 1MiB flash memory, 512KiB SRAM, 10BaseT Ethernet Controller, IrDA transceiver, 2 x 60-pin system expansion interface with full MPU bus / control signals, RJ-45 Ethernet connector.

Early revisions of the A600 shipped with Kickstart 37. 299, which had neither support for the internal ATA controller, nor for the PCMCIA interface.

SCSI is an advanced controller interface which is particularly good where the disk has to cope with multiple requests at once.

In that case, a graphics card and an ST-506 hard disk controller card provided graphics capability and hard drive interface respectively.

The controller uses the prevailing de facto standard Atari-style 9-pin connector and can be connected without modification to all other machines compatible with that standard, including the Atari 2600, Commodore Amiga, Atari ST, Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC and ZX Spectrum with Kempston interface or similar.

The ST-506 interface between the controller and drive was derived from the Shugart Associates SA1000 interface, which was in turn based upon the floppy disk drive interface, thereby making disk controller design relatively easy.

As Steve Wozniak, the creator of Integer BASIC and the only person who understood it well enough to add floating point features, was busy with the Disk II drive and controller and with Apple DOS, Apple turned to Microsoft, who was the BASIC vendor of choice after their success with Altair BASIC, and licensed a 10 KB assembly language version of BASIC dubbed " Applesoft.

This is done by adding eight extra 8-bit buses which allow the graphics controller to issue new AGP requests and commands at the same time with other AGP data flowing via the main 32 address / data ( AD ) lines.

Atari 5200 system with controller, game cartridges and packaging

The 360-degree non-centering joystick was touted as offering more control than the eight-way joystick controller offered with the Atari 2600.

The 5200 also featured a revolutionary new controller with an analog joystick, numeric keypad, two fire buttons on each side of the controller and game function keys for Start, Pause, and Reset.

Atari 7800 System ( PAL system with Joypad controller )

The Atari 7800 came bundled with the Atari Proline Joystick a two button controller with a joystick for movement.

Additional improvements were made in Windows Server 2003 R2, Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2, and with the release of the latter the domain controller role was renamed Active Directory Domain Services.

The control pads have screw holes in their centers, so that one could transform them into a joystick, as with the later Sega Master System's controller.

In addition, Commodore made the drive's controller board smaller and having a lower chip count than the early 1541s ( which had a large PCB with dozens of TTL chips running the length of the case ).

Even though each 1541 had its own on board disk controller and disk operating system, it was not possible for a user to command two 1541 drives to copy a disk ( one drive reading and the other writing ) as with older dual drives like the 4040 and 8050 that were often found with the PET computer, and which the 1541 was backward compatible to ( it could read 4040 disks but not write to them since its internal Operating System was essentially the same ).

This controller chip, however, was the seat of some early problems with 1581 drives when the first production runs were recalled due to a high failure rate ; the problem was quickly corrected.

Its name comes from the information path in the system: process inputs ( e. g., voltage applied to an electric motor ) have an effect on the process outputs ( e. g., speed or torque of the motor ), which is measured with sensors and processed by the controller ; the result ( the control signal ) is " fed back " as input to the process, closing the loop.

with the PID controller transfer function

The driving controller is also compatible with the games Destructor and Dukes Of Hazzard.

Reading Atari 8-bit 130kB or 180kB disks was possible as well with special software, but the standard Atari 8-bit 90kB format, which used FM rather than MFM encoding, could not be handled by the 1571 hardware without modifying the drive circuitry as the control line that determines if FM or MFM encoding is used by the disc controller chip was permanently wired to ground ( MFM mode ) rather than being under software control.

Another approach to hardware support for database management was ICL's CAFS accelerator, a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities.