Cattle in the United States are often fed chicken litter due to the high amount of protein and low cost of the feed versus other sources of protein.

MMT cost analyses often compare the cost of clinic visits versus the overall societal costs of illicit opioid use.

Market liquidity is a major determinant of transaction cost in the sale or purchase of a security, as a bid-ask spread exists between the price at which a purchase can be done versus the price at which the sale of the same security can be done.

The advantage of photon mapping versus bidirectional path tracing is the ability to achieve significant reuse of photons, reducing computation, at the cost of statistical bias.

The cost versus loss of lives has been considered appropriate at this level ( by FAA for aircraft systems under Federal Aviation Regulations ).

If an individual records one program while watching the other, the opportunity cost will be the time that the individual spends watching one program versus the other.

* According to a 2010 study published in the Brussels newspaper L ' Anglophone, the tax burden for typical workers in Central and Eastern Europe's " flat tax " countries is slightly higher ( 40. 3 % versus 40. 2 % of the total cost of employment ) than that of the progressive systems elsewhere in the EU.

Celera sequenced the human genome at a fraction of the cost of the public project, approximately $ 3 billion of taxpayer dollars versus about $ 300 million of private funding.

In the early 1920s, Rollin briefly produced the Rollin car to diversify the tractor company, but found it could not compete in cost versus price against much larger manufacturers.

The proper LID solution is one that balances the desired results ( controlling runoff and pollution ) with the associated costs ( loss of usable land for land-based systems versus capital cost of manufactured solution ).

Much of the debate about OSHA regulations and enforcement policies revolves around the cost of regulations and enforcement, versus the actual benefit in reduced worker injury, illness and death.

Controller Nicholas Kenyon summed up the perennial problem of Radio 3 as " the tension between highbrow culture and popular appeal … the cost of what we do and the number of people who make use of it ”: elitism versus populism ( or ‘ dumbing down ’) and the question of cost per listener.

The drawbacks of this technology ( electro thermal atomization ) as currently practiced is that it is more expensive ( due mainly to the cost of the graphite tubes ), and takes significantly longer to perform an analysis than with flame atomization ( minutes versus seconds ), and the graphite tubes, which must be replaced relatively frequently, are expensive.

Individuals sometimes rationally ignore this when unconsciously assessing the investment cost versus payout.

Other important themes in the novel include the changing times ( particularly the modernization of Japan in the Meiji era ), the changing roles and ideals of women, and intergenerational change in values, the role of family, the importance of the self versus the group, the cost of weakness, and identity.

Ford's cost – benefit analysis had estimated that based on the number of cars in use and the probable accident rate, deaths due to the design flaw would cost it about $ 49. 5 million to settle wrongful death lawsuits versus recall costs of $ 137. 5 million.

The cost of the Skylark, mixed with the public's dislike for the restyle and its perceived step down in rank to the Special / Century series versus the 1953 rank with the Super / Roadmaster series, resulted in poor sales and the car's demise at the end of the 1954 model year.

* Analyst report on the cost of IBE versus PKI

Citroën's system adds about 1 % to the cost of the car versus passive steel springs.

( A large-format inkjet print can cost more than $ 50, not including scanning and color correction, versus $ 5 for a four-color offset litho print of the same image in a run of 1, 000.

Its use of cartridge media rather than compact discs alienated some developers and publishers due to the space limits and the relatively high cost involved, US $ 3. 50 for an N64 cartridge versus US $ 0. 35 for a PS disc.

If only state funds were used to pay for the vocational education, it could be argued that the state should not have to bear the cost of vocational training which would benefit employers in other states.

But the really controversial aspect of customer-cost imputation arises because of the cost analyst's frequent practice of including, not just those costs that can be definitely earmarked as incurred for the benefit of specific customers but also a substantial fraction of the annual maintenance and capital costs of the secondary ( low-voltage ) distribution system -- a fraction equal to the estimated annual costs of a hypothetical system of minimum capacity.

" Lomborg claims to have consistently supported the position that global warming exists, but cost benefit analyses, as calculated by the Copenhagen Consensus ranked climate mitigation initiatives low on a list of international development initiatives when first done in 2004.

However, the workers do not benefit much from the ten-percent wage increase, because it is recycled back into the higher cost of living in a bigger city.

Opportunity costs are not restricted to monetary or financial costs but could be measured by the real cost of output forgone, leisure, or anything else that provides the alternative benefit ( utility ).

In fact, waiting to update EV only once per month ( simply because that is when cost data are available ) only detracts from a primary benefit of using EVM, which is to create a technical performance scoreboard for the project team.

Nonetheless, the cost benefit analysis for society at large between having laws that protect citizens from toxic or dangerous living and work conditions such as those that existed in the early industrial 1800's or not clearly comes down on the side of regulation.

For instance, children that attend downgraded schools can greatly benefit from homeschooling ways of learning, using the immediacy and low cost of the Internet.

Reloading may not be cost effective for occasional shooters, as it takes time to recoup the cost of the required equipment, but those who shoot on a regular basis will see benefit as the brass case ( the most expensive component ) can be reused many times ( with proper maintenance ).

However, this cost may be overwhelmed by the short term benefit of higher infectiousness if transmission is linked to virulence, as it is for instance in the case of cholera ( the explosive diarrhea aids the bacterium in finding new hosts ) or many respiratory infections ( sneezing and coughing create infectious aerosols ).

The word " legacy " implies that the system is a thing of value, even if it provides more cost than benefit, and helps to justify not replacing or discarding it.

Note that opportunity cost is not the sum of the available alternatives, but rather the benefit of the single, best alternative.

Reproduction has a large energy cost and it is to a female's benefit to have available food and mild weather.

* Socialism's fundamental principles are centered on a critique of this concept, stating, among other things, that the cost of defending property is higher than the returns from private property ownership, and that, even when property rights encourage their holders to develop their property or generate wealth, they do so only for their own benefit, which may not coincide with benefit to other people or to society at large.

* cost – benefit analyses

Altruism is known to increase from rarity when relatedness ( R ) exceeds the ratio of the cost ( C ) to the altruist ( in this case, the cell giving up its own reproduction by differentiating ), to the benefit ( B ) to the recipient of altruism ( the germ line of the colony, that reproduces as a result of the differentiation ), i. e. R > C / B ( see Hamilton's rule ).

This has created controversy, however, as robotics greatly increase the cost of surgery and the benefit for the patient may or may not proportional to the extra cost.

Once his allied Germanic coalition had been broken and honour avenged, the huge cost and risk of keeping the Roman army operating beyond the Rhine was simply not worth any likely benefit to be gained.

However in the field of general aviation, there have been objections to these moves, because of the cost, size, limited benefit to the users in uncontrolled airspace, and, in the case of balloons and gliders, the power requirements during long flights.

The " cost " of a defined benefit plan is not easily calculated, and requires an actuary or actuarial software.

However, even with the best of tools, the cost of a defined benefit plan will always be an estimate based on economic and financial assumptions.

However, because of the cost of administration and ease of determining the plan sponsor's liability for defined contribution plans ( you do not need to pay an actuary to calculate the lump sum equivalent that you do for defined benefit plans ) in practice, defined contribution plans have become generally portable.