Cattle in the United States are often fed chicken litter due to the high amount of protein and low cost of the feed versus other sources of protein.

MMT cost analyses often compare the cost of clinic visits versus the overall societal costs of illicit opioid use.

Market liquidity is a major determinant of transaction cost in the sale or purchase of a security, as a bid-ask spread exists between the price at which a purchase can be done versus the price at which the sale of the same security can be done.

The advantage of photon mapping versus bidirectional path tracing is the ability to achieve significant reuse of photons, reducing computation, at the cost of statistical bias.

If an individual records one program while watching the other, the opportunity cost will be the time that the individual spends watching one program versus the other.

* According to a 2010 study published in the Brussels newspaper L ' Anglophone, the tax burden for typical workers in Central and Eastern Europe's " flat tax " countries is slightly higher ( 40. 3 % versus 40. 2 % of the total cost of employment ) than that of the progressive systems elsewhere in the EU.

Celera sequenced the human genome at a fraction of the cost of the public project, approximately $ 3 billion of taxpayer dollars versus about $ 300 million of private funding.

In the early 1920s, Rollin briefly produced the Rollin car to diversify the tractor company, but found it could not compete in cost versus price against much larger manufacturers.

The cost versus benefit question is moot in the U. S. because ocean dumping of sludge is banned, but international treaty ( London Dumping Convention ) allows the practice so, on a global basis, as more and more sewage is treated, every sludge management option deserves practical consideration.

The proper LID solution is one that balances the desired results ( controlling runoff and pollution ) with the associated costs ( loss of usable land for land-based systems versus capital cost of manufactured solution ).

Much of the debate about OSHA regulations and enforcement policies revolves around the cost of regulations and enforcement, versus the actual benefit in reduced worker injury, illness and death.

Controller Nicholas Kenyon summed up the perennial problem of Radio 3 as " the tension between highbrow culture and popular appeal … the cost of what we do and the number of people who make use of it ”: elitism versus populism ( or ‘ dumbing down ’) and the question of cost per listener.

The drawbacks of this technology ( electro thermal atomization ) as currently practiced is that it is more expensive ( due mainly to the cost of the graphite tubes ), and takes significantly longer to perform an analysis than with flame atomization ( minutes versus seconds ), and the graphite tubes, which must be replaced relatively frequently, are expensive.

Individuals sometimes rationally ignore this when unconsciously assessing the investment cost versus payout.

Other important themes in the novel include the changing times ( particularly the modernization of Japan in the Meiji era ), the changing roles and ideals of women, and intergenerational change in values, the role of family, the importance of the self versus the group, the cost of weakness, and identity.

Ford's cost – benefit analysis had estimated that based on the number of cars in use and the probable accident rate, deaths due to the design flaw would cost it about $ 49. 5 million to settle wrongful death lawsuits versus recall costs of $ 137. 5 million.

The cost of the Skylark, mixed with the public's dislike for the restyle and its perceived step down in rank to the Special / Century series versus the 1953 rank with the Super / Roadmaster series, resulted in poor sales and the car's demise at the end of the 1954 model year.

* Analyst report on the cost of IBE versus PKI

Citroën's system adds about 1 % to the cost of the car versus passive steel springs.

( A large-format inkjet print can cost more than $ 50, not including scanning and color correction, versus $ 5 for a four-color offset litho print of the same image in a run of 1, 000.

Its use of cartridge media rather than compact discs alienated some developers and publishers due to the space limits and the relatively high cost involved, US $ 3. 50 for an N64 cartridge versus US $ 0. 35 for a PS disc.

Biological weapons allow for the potential to create a level of destruction and loss of life far in excess of nuclear, chemical or conventional weapons, relative to their mass and cost of development and storage.

In contrast, lossy compression ( for example JPEG, or MP3 ) can achieve much higher compression ratios at the cost of a decrease in quality, as visual or audio compression artifacts from loss of important information are introduced.

Factors contributing to the loss included the development of an all-new model, the strong Australian dollar and the cost of reducing the workforce at the Elizabeth plant, including the loss of 1, 400 jobs after the closure of the third-shift assembly line in 2005, after two years in operation.

Ensure the controls provide the required cost effective protection without discernible loss of productivity.

The loss should be pure, in the sense that it results from an event for which there is only the opportunity for cost.

# Calculable loss: There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss, and the attendant cost.

Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a copy of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim.

For policies that are complicated, where claims may be complex, the insured may take out a separate insurance policy add on, called loss recovery insurance, which covers the cost of a public adjuster in the case of a claim.

The risk presented by any given person is assumed collectively by the community who all bear the cost of rebuilding lost property and supporting people whose needs are suddenly greater after a loss of some kind.

The monopolist acquires all the consumer surplus and eliminates practically all the deadweight loss because he is willing to sell to anyone who is willing to pay at least the marginal cost.

Given high fixed costs, the new price was below average total cost, resulting in a loss.

In the short run, a firm operating at a loss < TC ( revenue less than total cost ) or P < ATC ( price less than unit cost ) must decide whether to continue to operate or temporarily shutdown.

This may also be acceptable if the chance of a very large loss is small or if the cost to insure for greater coverage amounts is so great it would hinder the goals of the organization too much.

Similarly, German nationalists spoke of a stab in the back having cost them the loss of World War I.

The swimmers provided a low cost / low risk option with high payoff ; possible loss to the country for failure compared to the possible gains from a successful mission led to the obvious conclusion the swimmer saboteurs were a good idea.

Besides the cost of ameliorating damaged areas and the loss of at least part of the initial investment in them, salinization and chemicalization of land have reduced agricultural productivity in Central Asia by an estimated 20 to 25 %.

The no-load loss can be significant, so that even an idle transformer constitutes a drain on the electrical supply and a running cost.

Designing transformers for lower loss requires a larger core, good-quality silicon steel, or even amorphous steel for the core and thicker wire, increasing initial cost so that there is a trade-off between initial cost and running cost ( also see energy efficient transformer ).

Hurricanes are powerful storms, which form in tropical waters and have historically cost thousands of lives lost and caused billions of dollars in damage.

on the loyalist side ), the Troubles cost the lives of thousands of people.

Thousand Days War ( 1899 – 1902 ) cost an estimated 100, 000 lives, and up to 300, 000 people died during " La Violencia " ( The Violence ) of the late 1940s and 1950s, a bipartisan confrontation which erupted after the assassination of Liberal popular candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán.

The civil war of 1860 cost the Christians some ten thousand lives in Damascus, Zahlé, Deir al-Qamar, Hasbaya, and other towns of Lebanon.

The war, which cost between 300, 000 to 1, 000, 000 lives, ended with the destruction of the Republic and the accession of Francisco Franco as dictator of Spain.

The war came at a great cost in lives and economic damage — half a million Iraqi and Iranian soldiers as well as civilians are believed to have died in the war with many more injured — but it brought neither reparations nor change in borders.

The war cost both sides in lives and economic damage: half a million Iraqi and Iranian soldiers, as well as civilians, are believed to have died in the war, with many more injured ; however, it brought neither reparations nor changes in borders.

Security personnel attempted to disperse the protestors with the use of stun grenades and live rounds, at the cost of dozens of lives.

Although the uniforms were supposed to debut with the opening of Miller Park, an accident involving one of the cranes damaging the new ballpark, which cost the lives of three workers, delayed the opening of Miller Park one year, so the uniforms spent one year at County Stadium, the old ballpark's last year.

The wars cost the lives of numerous colonial slave traders and disrupted their early societies.

This sparked a violent reaction in 1878 as High Chief Atal of La Foa managed to unite many of the central tribes and launched a guerrilla war which cost 200 Frenchmen and 1, 000 Kanaks their lives.

The 1883 – 1887 epidemic cost 250, 000 lives in Europe and at least 50, 000 in Americas.

The construction between 1921 and 1934 of the 511 km long railway, the Chemin de Fer Congo-Océan between Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire is for example said to have cost the lives of around 23, 000 locals and a few hundred Europeans.

Secondly, in 2008, United States President George W. Bush had a shoe thrown at him by a journalism as a statement against the war that was brought to Iraq and the lives that it has cost.

If a player finishes in fifth to eighth position they are " ranked out " and the race must be replayed – at the cost of one of a limited number of lives – until a placing of fourth or above is achieved.

His ' quiet diplomacy ' in Zimbabwe, however, is blamed for protracting the survival of Robert Mugabe's regime at the cost of thousands of lives and intense economic pressure on Zimbabwe's neighbours.

Shortly afterwards, World War II broke out, pitting the Allied powers ( chiefly the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom ) against the Axis powers ( Nazi Germany, the Empire of Japan, and Italy ) which eventually resulted in a total victory for the Allies, at the cost of over 60 million lives, including millions of civilians, and the complete devastation of many nations.

* October 10 – Carlos Manuel de Céspedes declares a revolt against Spanish rule in Cuba in an event known as El Grito de Yara, initiating a war that lasts ten years ( Cuba ultimately loses the war at a cost of 400, 000 lives and widespread destruction ).

Dresden was a centre of the German Revolutions in 1848 with the May Uprising, which cost human lives and damaged the historic town of Dresden.

Although with the cost of lives and the capture and execution of assassin dai Ahmad ibn Hattash, the hashashins managed to hold their ground and repel the attacks until the Mongol invasion.

The damage in lives, property and rebuilding costs is offset against the cost of water defences.

According to Altena, a thousand years ago, a group of people who had survived a bloody war that cost numerous lives, formed a group called Les Soldats to protect the weak and take revenge on the world.

The Battle of Cape St. Vincent had cost the lives of 73 men of the Royal Navy and wounded a further 227 ( this figure only includes serious injuries ).

Plutarch, by his own admission, did not write histories so much as biographies ; he believed that a jest or a phrase could reveal more about a person's character than could a battle that cost thousands of lives.