In denying motions for dismissal, Judge Powell stated that mass trials have been upheld as proper in other courts and that `` a person may join a conspiracy without knowing who all of the conspirators are ''.

The courts found that later innovations were " merely an obvious extension " and upheld the defendant's claim based on film footage.

In contrast, institutions and courts have upheld discrimination against whites when it is done to promote a diverse work or educational environment, even when it was shown to be to the detriment of qualified applicants.

Having had the matter referred back to the local courts by the Privy Council with a clear indication of a view that the amnesty was valid, in July 1992, the High Court upheld the validity of a government amnesty given to the Jamaat members during the hostage crisis.

The Court upheld the Judiciary Act, which permitted it to hear appeals from state courts, on the grounds that Congress had passed it under the supremacy clause.

Other statutes specifying factors for courts to use in making their decisions have been upheld.

The first U. S. Supreme Court case to uphold the ban against involuntary servitude was Bailey v. Alabama ( 1911 ).</ p >< p > Requiring specific performance as a remedy for breach of personal services contracts has regarded as a form of involuntary servitude by some scholars and courts, though other jurisdictions and scholars have rejected this argument ; it is a popular rule in academia and many local jurisdictions, but has never been upheld by higher courts .</ p >

The courts decided that there had been irregularities but that they were not serious enough to have affected the overall result, thus the election result was upheld.

It was not until a landmark court ruling regarding the Hush-A-Phone in 1956 that the use of a phone attachment ( by a third party vendor ) was allowed for the first time ; though AT & T's right to regulate any device connected to the telephone system was upheld by the courts, they were instructed to cease interference towards Hush-A-Phone users.

A significant number of Federal appeals courts have upheld polygraph testing for Federal probationers as well.

Nevertheless, courts upheld the patent.

" The doctrine can be used, for example, so a right is upheld even when a government threatens to violate it with new technology, as long as the essential right remains the same ; but the authors claim that the courts have used the doctrine to " create new rights.

His claim was upheld in courts, but he was awarded only $ 2, 750 plus legal fees.

The Supreme Court decided that the suspension of habeas corpus was lawful, but military tribunals did not apply to citizens in states that had upheld the authority of the Constitution and where civilian courts were still operating.

In this way, the case helped to refine stare decisis: when it should be upheld and what standard should case decisions be tested against precedent to achieve a legitimate practicability in the eyes of the Supreme Court and lower courts.

The federal courts upheld the OCC ’ s approval of Security Pacific ’ s securitization activities, with the Supreme Court refusing in 1990 to review a 1989 Second Circuit decision sustaining the OCC ’ s action.

The Alabama state circuit court finally heard the case on the merits, and decided the NAACP had violated Alabama law and ordered it to stop doing business in the state ; the Alabama appeals courts upheld this judgment, refusing to hear the NAACP's appeals on Constitutional grounds.

This design was adopted by other makers, and this caused disputes in American courts for many years before the patent was upheld some time after Rice's own death.

With respect to financial issues ancillary to divorce, prenuptial agreements are routinely upheld and enforced by courts in virtually all states.

When wage reforms were rejected by two national ballots, Gormley declared that each region could decide on these reforms on its own accord ; his decisions had been upheld by courts on appeal.

City of Garden Grove v. Superior Court, a published California Court of Appeal decision ( which in California is binding on all courts ), upheld a decision of a trial court to " the Garden Grove Police Department to give Kha back his marijuana " stating " ecause the act is strictly a federal offense, the state has ' no power to punish ... ... as such.

Pakistan believes that under uti possidetis juris it should not require one because courts in several countries around the world and the Vienna Convention have universally upheld via uti possidetis juris that binding bilateral agreements are " passed down " to successor states Thus, a unilateral declaration by one party has no effect ; boundary changes must be made bilaterally.

This was grudgingly upheld by the courts.

The Iowa Supreme Court did not determine the reliability of brain fingerprinting and did not rule on the admissibility of brain fingerprinting in Iowa courts.

The Isaacsons bring sophisticated methods such as the Bertillon system and fingerprinting to the investigation, although these were not popular in New York City police departments at the time nor accepted in courts of law.

`` I should say it is the turning of courts of law into veritable theatres for sex dramas, involving clergymen and parishioners, psychiatrists and patients.

It is becoming harder and harder to tell law courts and political arenas from the modern theatre ''.

States were free to enact, within broad, though ( perhaps ) determinate limits, their own rules as to the application of foreign law by their courts, to vary the law merchant, and to enact legislation with regard to many claims arising on the high seas.

For almost a hundred years we relied upon state courts ( subject to review by the Supreme Court ) for the protection of most rights arising under national law.

( 2 ) displacement of state law by federal law in state courts in all actions regarding collective bargaining agreements ; ;

Does Lincoln Mills suggest that if Congress granted jurisdiction over interstate divorce cases, the federal courts would be authorized to fashion a national law for the dissolution of marriages??

A careful student has suggested that `` In any new revision ( of the Judicial Code ) the legislators would do well to remember that the allocation of power to the federal courts should be limited to those matters in which their expertise in federal law might be used, leaving to the state judiciaries the primary obligation of pronouncing state law ''.

With few exceptions, Congress has not given federal courts exclusive authority to enforce rights arising under federal law.

Correlatively, can we reduce the role of the district courts, so that the action is that of the people of the community or other school district and not that of the law court??

In Anglo-American common law courts, appellate review of lower court decisions may also be obtained by filing a petition for review by prerogative writ in certain cases.

In an anarcho-capitalist society, law enforcement, courts, and all other security services would be provided by privately funded competitors rather than through taxation, and money would be privately and competitively provided in an open market.

As the system evolved these last two functions were shifted to the law courts.

Civil law countries often have specialized courts, administrative courts, that review these decisions.

Unlike most Common-law jurisdictions, the majority of civil law jurisdictions have specialized courts or sections to deal with administrative cases which, as a rule, will apply procedural rules specifically designed for such cases and different from that applied in private-law proceedings, such as contract or tort claims.

There are federal courts with special jurisdiction in the fields of social security law ( Bundessozialgericht ) and tax law ( Bundesfinanzhof ).

In Sweden, there is a system of administrative courts that considers only administrative law cases, and is completely separate from the system of general courts.

Instead of just establishing it as a military prison, he provided for a civil administration, with courts of law.

In an adversarial system, there is no more controversy and the case proceeds to sentencing ; though in many jurisdictions the defendant must have allocution of her or his crime, a false confession will not be accepted even in common law courts.

In common law, black letter legal doctrine is an informal term indicating the basic principles of law generally accepted by the courts and / or embodied in the statutes of a particular jurisdiction.