The pressure gradient producing the jet is due to the nature of the magnetic field in the arc ( rapid decrease of current density from cathode to the anode ).

In general, P is a function of V and the current density, but it shall here be assumed as a constant.

Whether the correct spectrum of density fluctuations can be produced, and whether the universe can successfully navigate the Big Bang / Big Crunch transition, remains a topic of controversy and current research.

Current density is a measure of the density of an electric current.

In SI units, the current density is measured in amperes per square metre.

where I is current in the conductor, J is the current density, and A is the cross-sectional area.

Current density ( current per unit area ) J in a material is proportional to the conductivity σ and electric field in the medium:

The current density is then:

The carriers move in the direction of decreasing concentration, so for electrons a positive current results for a positive density gradient.

In linear materials such as metals, and under low frequencies, the current density across the conductor surface is uniform.

For alternating currents, especially at higher frequencies, skin effect causes the current to spread unevenly across the conductor cross-section, with higher density near the surface, thus increasing the apparent resistance.

where is the charge density, which can ( and often does ) depend on time and position, is the permittivity of free space, is the permeability of free space, and is the current density vector, also a function of time and position.

More generally, the net change in charge density within a volume of integration is equal to the area integral over the current density through the closed surface, which is in turn equal to the net current:

The Hall coefficient is defined as the ratio of the induced electric field to the product of the current density and the applied magnetic field.

where I is the current across the plate length, B is the magnetic field, d is the depth ( thickness ) of the plate, e is the elementary charge, and n is the charge carrier density of the carrier electrons.

where j is the current density of the carrier electrons, and is the induced electric field.

Next, the current density corresponding to the motion of the charge continuum is

The number of these ions is proportional to the gaseous molecule density multiplied by the electron current emitted from the filament, and these ions pour into the collector to form an ion current.

which is a mapping of the initial configuration onto the current configuration, giving a geometrical correspondence between them, i. e. giving the position vector that a particle, with a position vector in the undeformed or reference configuration, will occupy in the current or deformed configuration at time.

All physical quantities are defined this way at each instant of time, in the current configuration, as a function of the vector position.

It is defined as a vector whose magnitude is the electric current per cross-sectional area.

The dot product of the two vector quantities ( A and J ) is a scalar that represents the electric current.

In magnetostatics, such vector fields model static magnetic fields on a region of the plane containing no current.

Note however that working with the current two form itself and the exterior derivative is usually easier than working with the vector field and divergence, because unlike the divergence, the exterior derivative commutes with a change of ( curvilinear ) coordinate system.

A very small current-carrying loop is approximately a magnetic point dipole ; the magnetic dipole moment of such a loop is the product of the current flowing in the loop and the ( vector ) area of the loop.

and this density is convected according to the probability current vector

The quantity being measured can be the voltage or current in a circuit or a field vector such as electric field strength or flux density.

where " E " is the electric field vector with units of volts per meter ( analogous to " V " of Ohm's law which has units of volts ), " J " is the current density vector with units of amperes per unit area ( analogous to " I " of Ohm's law which has units of amperes ), and " ρ " ( Greek " rho ") is the resistivity with units of ohm · meters ( analogous to " R " of Ohm's law which has units of ohms ).

Instead, a single group of vector shapes is used to render all the specific dot matrix patterns needed for the current display or printing task.

where dl is a vector whose magnitude is the length of the differential element of the wire, in the direction of conventional current, and μ < sub > 0 </ sub > is the magnetic constant.

where dV is the differential element of volume and J is the current density vector in that volume.

where r ̂ is the vector pointing from the current ( non-retarded ) position of the particle to the point at which the field is being measured, and θ is the angle between v and r.

There is no linear motion in the inductive current along the direction of the B vector.

* is the current weight vector of node v

** Sample a new position y by adding a normally distributed random vector to the current position x

The Noether current is defined up to a solenoidal ( divergenceless ) vector field.

The current limited partners are Ronald E. Canakaris ; Warrick Dunn ; Douglas J. Hertz ; John P. Imlay, Jr .; Ed Mendel ; Derek V. Smith ; John A. Williams ; and Brian J. Barker.

* Theory and calculation of alternating current phenomena ", with the assistance of Ernst J. Berg, 1897.

* Hack ( radio program ), a current affairs program on Australian radio network Triple J

Noted artists of Carnatic Music include MS Subbulakshmi, Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar ( the father of the current concert format ), Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer, Prapancham Sita Raman, TN Seshagopalan and more recently Sanjay Subrahmanyan, Balamuralikrishna, K J Yesudas, N. Ramani, Lalgudi Jayaraman, umayalapuram sivaraman, Dr. Mysore Manjunath, Mysore Nagaraj, TM Krishna, Bombay Jayashri, etc.

The current NDF Sergeant Major has been listed as Warrant Officer Class 1 ( WO1 ) Isak Nankela, He took over from Namibian Navy WO1 D. J.

The critical current ( J < sub > c </ sub >) of HTSC wire is lower than LTSC wire generally in the operating magnetic field, about 5 to 10 teslas ( T ).

J. P. Jasinski confirmed this theory five years later stating “ Their woodlands persistence, along with their previous moss forest histories and current occurrence adjacent to closed moss forests, indicate that they are an alternative stable state to the spruce – moss forests ”.

The current chief of the National Guard Bureau is General Frank J. Grass.

Here also, a King and Queen of the J ' ouvert are chosen, based on their representation of current political / social events / issues.

The current LLNS Chairman is Norman J. Pattiz-founder and chairman of Westwood One, America's largest radio network, and he also currently serves on the Board of Regent of the University of California.

General Electric Company ( backed by Thomas Edison and J. P. Morgan ) had proposed to power the electric exhibits with direct current originally at the cost of US $ 1. 8 million.

The current President is atmospheric chemist, Ralph J. Cicerone of the University of California, Irvine.

where J is the current density at a given location in a resistive material, E is the electric field at that location, and σ is a material dependent parameter called the conductivity.

Since the E field is uniform in the direction of wire length, for a conductor having uniformly consistent resistivity ρ, the current density J will also be uniform in any cross-sectional area and oriented in the direction of wire length, so we may write:

If the current J is alternating because the applied voltage or E-field varies in time, then reactance must be added to resistance to account for self-inductance, see electrical impedance.

where J < sub > f </ sub > is the current density of free charges and u is the electromagnetic energy density,

where J is the total current density and the energy density u is