The internal losses are due to absorption and the small but finite losses suffered in the numerous internal reflections due to deviations from the prescribed, cylindrical fiber cross-section and minute imperfections of the core-jacket interface.

In practice, DLC share prices exhibit large deviations from theoretical parity.

Some drives use special techniques, such as Plextor's GigaRec or Sanyo's HD-BURN, to write more data onto a given disc ; these techniques are inherently deviations from the Compact Disc ( Red, Yellow, and / or Orange Book ) standards, making the recorded discs proprietary-formatted and not fully compatible with standard CD players and drives.

CRESU experiments have been used to show deviations from Arrhenius kinetics at low temperatures: as the temperature is reduced, the rate constant actually increases.

In particular, management can identify ways to adjust and adapt the process to particular projects without measurable losses of quality or deviations from specifications.

Consilience does not forbid deviations: in fact, since not all experiments are perfect, some deviations from established knowledge are expected.

Hubbard proposed that, via pain, physical or mental traumas caused " aberrations " ( deviations from rational thinking ) in the mind, which produced adverse physical and emotional effects.

In other cases, severe deviations from Raoult's law and Dalton's law are observed, most famously in the mixture of ethanol and water.

This is interpreted as evidence in favor of Einstein's prediction that gravity would cause deviations from Euclidean geometry.

Until the 20th century, there was no technology capable of detecting the deviations from Euclidean geometry, but Einstein predicted that such deviations would exist.

He accounts for the non-Luwian features as a Mysian influence: " deviations from Luwian ... may plausibly be ascribed to the dialect of the indigenous population of Mysia.

Although the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme, there are some historical and morphological deviations from this: for example the initial letter ' h ' in words, preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word ( writing b, g, d in places where p, k, t is pronounced )

# Empirical studies that demonstrate significant deviations from classical theories.

It should be stressed that these physical models of diffusion are different from the toy-models which are valid for very small deviations from the uniform equilibrium.

Using uniformitarianism, which states that one cannot make an appeal to any force or phenomenon which cannot presently be observed ( see catastrophism ), Darwin theorized that the evolutionary process must occur gradually, not in saltations, since saltations are not presently observed, and extreme deviations from the usual phenotypic variation would be more likely to be selected against.

At the base of classical mechanics is the notion that a body's motion can be described as a combination of free ( or inertial ) motion, and deviations from this free motion.

Other deviations from the standard 4th Edition D & D rules include new damage types such as " Radiation ", Gamma World-specific skills, and increased lethality.

Prior to satellite geodesy era, the coordinate systems associated with a geodetic datum attempted to be geocentric, but their origins differed from the geocentre by hundreds of metres, due to regional deviations in the direction of the plumbline ( vertical ).

The Gambler's fallacy, also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy ( because its most famous example happened in a Monte Carlo Casino in 1913 ), and also referred to as the fallacy of the maturity of chances, is the belief that if deviations from expected behaviour are observed in repeated independent trials of some random process, future deviations in the opposite direction are then more likely.

According to this view, " after observing a long run of red on the roulette wheel, for example, most people erroneously believe that black will result in a more representative sequence than the occurrence of an additional red ", so people expect that a short run of random outcomes should share properties of a longer run, specifically in that deviations from average should balance out.

There are several important effects that are neglected by the Schrödinger equation and which are responsible for certain small but measurable deviations of the real spectral lines from the predicted ones:

But these were sporadic deviations from the show's main theme of family, neighborhood and the balance between old world values and new world assimilation.

This set the general theme of the naming process, which featured great Britons, although several deviations from the theme were allowed.

By opening the stop wider, similar deviations arise for lateral points as have been already discussed for axial points ; but in this case they are much more complicated.

The average error is zero ; the standard deviations of the probability distribution of the errors is the same number σ on different weighings ; and errors on different weighings are independent.

Such deviations are caused by external forces acting on a body in accordance with Newton's second law of motion, which states that the net force acting on a body is equal to that body's ( inertial ) mass multiplied by its acceleration.

Midwives are specialists in low-risk pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum, although they are trained to recognize and deal with deviations from the norm as well as certain high risk situations.

Because of such significant deviations from the animated series, movies, and subsequent sequels the novels themselves are not considered canonical ; however, the detailed account of past events leading up to the introduction of the mobile suit and early skirmishes of the OYW are more or less accepted in the continuity.

Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) in women as a bone mineral density 2. 5 standard deviations below peak bone mass ( 20-year-old sex-matched healthy person average ) as measured by DEXA ; the term " established osteoporosis " includes the presence of a fragility fracture.

Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) as a bone mineral density that is 2. 5 standard deviations or more below the mean peak bone mass ( average of young, healthy adults ) as measured by DXA ; the term " established osteoporosis " includes the presence of a fragility fracture.

Osteoporosis is diagnosed when the bone mineral density is less than or equal to 2. 5 standard deviations below that of a young adult reference population.

Its advantage over the PLL-based detectors is that at small deviations the Costas loop error voltage is sin ( 2 ( θ < sub > i </ sub >− θ < sub > f </ sub >)) vs sin ( θ < sub > i </ sub >− θ < sub > f </ sub >).

FM applications use peak deviations of 75 kHz ( 200 kHz spacing ), 5 kHz ( 25 kHz spacing ), 2. 25 kHz ( 12. 5 kHz spacing ), and 2 kHz ( 8. 33 kHz spacing ).

The two inconsistent results from DØ and CDF differ by or by 6. 2 standard deviations.

In probability theory, Chebyshev ’ s inequality ( also spelled as Tchebysheff ’ s inequality ) guarantees that in any probability distribution ," nearly all " values are close to the mean — the precise statement being that no more than 1 / k < sup > 2 </ sup > of the distribution ’ s values can be more than k standard deviations away from the mean.

** hypotension with blood pressure < 5th percentile for age or systolic blood pressure < 2 standard deviations below normal for age, OR

Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization ( WHO ) in women as a bone mineral density 2. 5 standard deviations below peak bone mass ( 20-year-old sex-matched healthy person average ) as measured by DXA ; the term " established osteoporosis " includes the presence of a fragility fracture.

If we assume all 99 test scores are random samples from a normal distribution we predict there is a 1 % chance that the 100th test score will be higher than 123. 65 ( that is the mean plus 2. 365 standard deviations ) assuming that the 100th test score comes from the same distribution as the others.

The first step is to calculate the chi-squared test statistic, X < sup > 2 </ sup >, which resembles a normalized sum of squared deviations between observed and theoretical frequencies ( see below ).

But they also found deviations from the linear model at time intervals less than 2 seconds.

The 95 % prediction interval, is often estimated by assuming a normal distribution of the measured parameter, in which case it can alternatively be defined as the interval limited by 1. 96 ( often rounded up to 2 ) population standard deviations from either side of the population mean ( also called the expected value ).

Standardized commodity futures contracts may also contain provisions for adjusting the contracted price based on deviations from the " standard " commodity, for example, a contract might specify delivery of heavier USDA Number 1 oats at par value but permit delivery of Number 2 oats for a certain seller's penalty per bushel.

The rope stretchers of ancient Egypt stretched corded ropes between two points to measure the path which minimized the distance of separation, and Claudius Ptolemy, in his Geographia ( Bk 1, Ch 2 ), emphasized that one must correct for " deviations from a straight course "; in ancient Greece Euclid states in his Catoptrica that, for the path of light reflecting from a mirror, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection ; and Hero of Alexandria later showed that this path was the shortest length and least time.

In scientific usage it sometimes refers to a probability of being within the stated interval, usually corresponding to either 1 or 2 standard deviations ( a probability of 68. 3 % or 95. 4 % in a Normal distribution ).

* The coarse result of Chebyshev's inequality that, for any probability distribution, the probability of an outcome greater than k standard deviations from the mean is at most 1 / k < sup > 2 </ sup >.

* The finer result of the Vysochanskii-Petunin inequality, that for any unimodal probability distribution, the probability of an outcome greater than k standard deviations from the mean is at most 4 /( 9k < sup > 2 </ sup >).

Shakespeare follows Holinshed's account of Macduff closely, with his only deviations being Macduff's discovery of Duncan's body in 2. 3, and Macduff's brief conference with Ross in 2. 4.

When the number of observations is relatively small, Chebychev's inequality can be used for an upper bound on probabilities, regardless of any assumptions about the distribution of experimental errors: the maximum probabilities that a parameter will be more than 1, 2 or 3 standard deviations away from its expectation value are 100 %, 25 % and 11 % respectively.

Reading memory in a group of 7 reading disabled children has been shown to increase by some 2. 4 standard deviations ( or 334 %) with this approach.