The two components of the proton-motive force are thermodynamically equivalent: In mitochondria, the largest part of energy is provided by the potential ; in alkaliphile bacteria the electrical energy even has to compensate for a counteracting inverse pH difference.

Primary pH standard values are determined using a concentration cell with transference, by measuring the potential difference between a hydrogen electrode and a standard electrode such as the silver chloride electrode.

The difference between the two measured emf values is proportional to pH.

The difference between p and pH is quite small.

Subsequent measurements ( to ensure treatment is effective ), may be taken from a normal blood test taken from a vein, as there is little difference between the arterial and the venous pH.

A brief period of irritation may be caused by a difference in pH and / or salinity between the lens solution and the tears.

For optimal accuracy, the color difference between the two species should be as clear as possible, and the narrower the pH range of the color change the better.

The LSI is expressed as the difference between the actual system pH and the saturation pH:

The most common adverse reaction is nausea, due to a difference in the pH from the body and the pH of the sodium fluorescein dye ; a number of other factors, however, are considered contributors as well.

The greater the difference in pH between the user's mouth and the snus, the more vigorously the tissues respond to the more alkaline snus, precipitating an exothermic acid-base reaction, in a manner similar to pouring hydrogen peroxide on a wound, or baking soda into vinegar and observing the fizzing.

The results show no significant difference in the soil type pH Level recorded in literature.

Conversely, one could define a potential corresponding to pH as a potential difference between a solute and pH neutral water, separated by porous membrane ( that is permeable to hydrogen ions ).

Since pH is on a log scale dropping by 1 ( the difference between normal rain water and acid rain ) has a dramatic effect on the strength of the acid.

Notable developments in this century include the work of Georg Ohm, who in 1827 quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential difference in a conductor, Michael Faraday, the discoverer of electromagnetic induction in 1831, and James Clerk Maxwell, who in 1873 published a unified theory of electricity and magnetism in his treatise Electricity and Magnetism.

This definition of potential, while formal, has little practical application, and a more useful concept is that of electric potential difference, and is the energy required to move a unit charge between two specified points.

An electric field has the special property that it is conservative, which means that the path taken by the test charge is irrelevant: all paths between two specified points expend the same energy, and thus a unique value for potential difference may be stated.

The volt is so strongly identified as the unit of choice for measurement and description of electric potential difference that the term voltage sees greater everyday usage.

It may be viewed as analogous to height: just as a released object will fall through a difference in heights caused by a gravitational field, so a charge will ' fall ' across the voltage caused by an electric field.

By definition, it is the amount of energy gained by the charge of a single electron moved across an electric potential difference of one volt.

The Hall effect is the production of a voltage difference ( the Hall voltage ) across an electrical conductor, transverse to an electric current in the conductor and a magnetic field perpendicular to the current.

* The work required to move an electric charge of one coulomb through an electrical potential difference of one volt, or one '" coulomb volt " ( C · V ).

In between the two exists a layer (" plasma sheet ") of denser plasma ( 0. 3-0. 5 ions / cm < SUP > 3 </ sup > versus 0. 01-0. 02 in the lobes ), and because of the difference between the adjoining magnetic fields, by Ampére's law an electric current flows there too, directed from dawn to dusk.

These numerical co-incidences refer to such quantities as the ratio of the age of the universe to the atomic unit of time, the number of electrons in the universe, and the difference in strengths between gravity and the electric force for the electron and proton.

It has two components: a difference in proton concentration ( a H + gradient, ΔpH ) and a difference in electric potential, with the N-side having a negative charge.

File: Georg Simon Ohm3. jpg | Georg Ohm ( 1789-1854 ): found that there is a direct proportionality between the electric current I and the potential difference ( voltage ) V applied across a conductor, and that this current is inversely proportional to the resistance R in the circuit, or I = V / R, known as Ohm's law, namesake of the unit of electrical resistance ( the ohm )

The filament ( cathode ) has a dual function: it emits electrons when heated ; and, together with the plate, it creates an electric field due to the potential difference between them.

Humphry Davy showed that the electromotive force, which drives the electric current through a circuit containing a single voltaic cell, was caused by a chemical reaction, not by the voltage difference between the two metals.

The volt ( symbol: V ) is the SI derived unit for electric potential ( voltage ), electric potential difference, and electromotive force.

A single volt is defined as the difference in electric potential across a wire when an electric current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power.

It is also equal to the potential difference between two parallel, infinite planes spaced 1 meter apart that create an electric field of 1 newton per coulomb.

A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit.

Furthermore, the net potential difference of the galactic electric field in interstellar space is only 1. 6 × 10 < sup >− 19 </ sup > volt.

The effective ion collection radius of an electrostatic ion ram scoop will be the range at which the ramscoop electric field has a greater potential difference from the galactic electric field.

This potential difference declines proportionately to 1 / d² for distance d from the source of the ram scoop electric field.

This distinction accounts for the difference in mass and charge between the two particles.

Henry Moseley's work showed experimentally in 1913 ( see Moseley's law ) that the effective nuclear charge was very close to the atomic number ( Moseley found only one unit difference ), and Moseley referenced only the papers of Van den Broek and Rutherford.

The term " ethnic cleansing " was used as an alternative to " genocide " to denote not just ethnically motivated murder but also displacement, though critics charge there is no difference.

The unit of capacitance is the farad, named after Michael Faraday, and given the symbol F: one farad is the capacitance that develops a potential difference of one volt when it stores a charge of one coulomb.

In chemistry, it is often useful to have the molar equivalent, that is the energy that would be produced by one mole of charge () passing through a potential difference of one volt.

As electrons flow from one half-cell to the other, a difference in charge is established.

If no salt bridge were used, this charge difference would prevent further flow of electrons.

Price fluctuation was deferred to the officers in charge of the trade posts, and the head office recorded any difference between the company ’ s standard and that set by the individual officers.

Additionally, it is the potential difference between two points that will impart one joule of energy per coulomb of charge that passes through it.

France ancient with his maternal arms ( Castile ) in a bordure as charge to difference

File: Arms of the Kingdom of Naples. svg | In 1246, Charles adopted a label Gules as charge to difference ( Anjou ancient )

An electrometer is an electrical instrument for measuring electric charge or electrical potential difference.

36: 606 ( 1930 ) predicted a difference between the intensities of cosmic rays arriving from the east and the west that depends upon the charge of the primary particles-the so-called " east-west effect.

One coulomb is also the amount of excess charge on the positive side of a capacitance of one farad charged to a potential difference of one volt:

Similarly, the rate of flow of electrical charge, that is, the electric current, through an electrical resistor is proportional to the difference in voltage measured across the resistor.

The work function difference between metal and silicon in a MOS capacitor is related to the flat-band voltage ( i. e. the voltage that induces zero net charge in the underlying semiconductor ) and the equivalent oxide charge per unit area at the oxide-silicon interface by

Other descendants of the original bearer could bear the ancestral arms only with some difference: usually a color change or the addition of a distinguishing charge.