The Estates of the land then met at Königsberg ( Królewiec ) and took the oath of allegiance to the new duke, who used his full powers to promote the doctrines of Luther.

Séguin, duke of Gascony, was then deposed by Louis in 816, possibly for failing to suppress or collaborating with the Basque revolt south of the western Pyrenees, so sparking off a Basque uprising that was duly put down by the Frankish emperor in Dax.

* While returning from Italy in 1576 Edward de Vere first encountered a cavalry division outside of Paris that was being led by a German duke and then pirates in the English Channel.

To withstand Saxon overlordship Wenceslaus ' father Vratislaus had forged an alliance with the Bavarian duke Arnulf the Bad, then a fierce opponent of King Henry ; however, it became worthless when Arnulf and Henry reconciled at Regensburg in 921.

Although some sort of formal assembly probably was held, it is unlikely that any debate took place, as the duke had by then established control over his nobles, and most of those assembled would have been anxious to secure their share of the rewards from the conquest of England.

The chronicler also claimed that the duke secured the support of Emperor Henry IV and King Sweyn II of Denmark, but as Henry was still a minor and Sweyn was more likely to support Harold, who could then help Sweyn against the Norwegian king, these claims should be treated with caution.

With the death of duke John I in 1340 Louis inherited Lower Bavaria and then reunited the duchy of Bavaria.

His son Alfonso II married Lucrezia, daughter of grand-duke Cosimo I of Tuscany, then Barbara, sister of the emperor Maximilian II and finally Margherita Gonzaga, daughter of the duke of Mantua.

But at the very start the German Protestant estates declined to send any delegates to a council in Italy, while the duke of Mantua himself set down such large requirements that Paul III first deferred for a year and then discarded the whole project.

The duke then issued on 25 July a proclamation called the Brunswick Manifesto, written by Louis's émigré cousin, the Prince de Condé, declaring the intent of the Austrians and Prussians to restore the king to his full powers and to treat any person or town who opposed them as rebels to be condemned to death by martial law.

His son Alfonso II first married Lucrezia, daughter of grand-duke Cosimo I of Tuscany, then after becoming a widower, Barbara, the sister of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor ( 1527 – 1576 ) and finally a third wife, Margherita Gonzaga, daughter of the duke of Mantua.

The last duke, Ercole III, was deposed in 1796 by the French and his two duchies became the Cispadane Republic which one year later was merged into the Cisalpine Republic and then into the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy.

" Grand duke " is the traditional translation of the title Velikiy Kniaz ( Великий Князь ), which from the 11th century was at first the title of the leading Prince of Kievan Rus ', then of several princes of the Rus '.

" Hoc vernant lilia corde " ( granted by Louis XII, then duke of Orléans ), meaning " It is by this heart that lilies flourish " or " This heart makes lilies flourish ", referring to the fleur de lys, symbol of the French royal family.

At San Severino, after the victorious campaign, he and the pope jointly invested Ranulf as duke of Apulia ( August 1137 ), and the emperor then retired to Germany.

In time they had increased their power well beyond military matters, and had become the real administrators and executive power of the province, a trend seen in the other gouvernements of France, but particularly acute in Languedoc, where the duke of Montmorency, governor of Languedoc, even openly rebelled against the king, then was defeated and beheaded in Toulouse in 1632 by the order of Richelieu.

Aided by Philip, landgrave of Hesse, and other Protestant princes, he fought a victorious battle against Ferdinand's troops at Lauffen in May 1534, and then by the treaty of Cadan he again became duke, but perforce duke of the duchy as an Austrian fief.

From Florence he went to the court of the duke of Mantua, and then again to Florence.

Initially the coup d ' état of the duke of Anjou was a success, but Catherine de Medici went out of her way to deprive him from any power in France: she sent him with the royal army to remain in front of La Rochelle and then had him elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

But then, Jane would agree only to make him Duke of Clarence —" I will not be a duke, I will be King ", Guildford replied.

Thanks to his natural caution and reserve, Condillac's relations with unorthodox philosophers did not injure his career ; and he justified abundantly the choice of the French court in sending him to Parma to educate the orphan duke, then a child of seven years.

These Richard arrests, and eventually beheads, and then has a conversation with the Prince and his younger brother, the duke of York.

The count palatine in Bavaria, an office held by the family of Wittelsbach, became duke of this land, the lower comital title being then merged into the higher ducal one.

As soon, however, as the duke had set out to meet Mary, Cecil became the most active intriguer against him, and to these efforts, of which he laid a full account before Queen Mary, he mainly owed his immunity.

In the 15th century, Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, set up court in Bruges, as well as Brussels and Lille, attracting a number of artists, bankers, and other prominent personalities from all over Europe.

Contested boundaries in Italy were set, and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany was awarded to the French, but the duke was compensated with lands in Germany.

With the title of duke of Rovigo ( a small town in Venetia ), Savary set out for Madrid when Napoleon's plans for gaining the mastery of Spain were nearing completion.

Later the duke himself wrote about his stay in Arkhangel ’ sk: " Our departure was set for July 12.

In 1814, the duke set out for France.

When on the outbreak of the war of 1859 Francis V, duke of Modena, was expelled and a provisional government set up, Farini was sent as Piedmontese commissioner to that city ; but, although recalled after the peace of Villafranca which ended the Second Italian War of Independence, he was determined on the annexation of central Italy to Sardinia / Piedmont and remained behind, becoming a Modenese citizen and dictator of the state.

Immediately, the duke of Benevento, Arechis II, proclaimed himself a sovereign prince and set about opposing Charlemagne's assumption of Lombard kingship.

His formal break with Rome was hailed by the Protestants, and the Schmalkaldic League declared they were resolved to defend him ; but the Reformation in the electorate was set back by the military victories of Emperor Charles V over William, duke of Cleves, and moreover his theological innovations found very little support among the people of Cologne.

It was only after one of their associates had been executed and the duke of Burgundy and the prince-bishop of Liège had mediated, that the Engelbrecht prisoners were set free.

London looked down on Scamp, who had to stay at The Tipton Hotel because Maddie's house was being fumigated, and set Ivana up with a " fancy pants " White Pomeranian duke, named Lord Quorckeran, ( whom Ivana wasn't fond of, despite what London thought ).

After the duke died without a male heir in 1447, fighting broke out to restore the so-called Ambrosian Republic.

The influence of the grateful new queen being actively exerted on Alberoni's behalf — the princesse des Ursins having been chased out — within not much more than a year Alberoni was made a duke and grandee of Spain, a member of the king's council, appointed bishop of Málaga, and in 1715 prime minister, and was made cardinal by Pope Clement XI, under pressure from the court of Spain, in July 1717.

The disregarded duke took part in a conspiracy aimed at the murder of Stephen I, but the assassination attempt failed and Vazul had his eyes gouged out and molten lead poured in his ears.

The principality, which he thus carved out for himself, was occupied, on his death, by Erispoé, duke of Brittany ; by him it was handed down to his successors, in whose hands it remained until the beginning of the 10th century.

In early December, Ansgar the Sheriff of Middlesex, the archbishops of York and Canterbury and the deposed Edgar the Atheling came out and submitted to the Norman duke.

Burgrave Filips of Wassenaar and the other local Hoekse noblemen assumed that the duke would besiege Leiden first and send small units out to conquer the surrounding citadels.

Scholar Michael Jones points out the duke was in Salisbury on the day of the battle, trying to recruit townsmen for the Lancastrian cause.

Early in the days of his official employment he startled his master's courtiers by the realism with which he painted still life, game and antlers on the walls of the country palaces at Coburg and Locha ; his pictures of deer and wild boar were considered striking, and the duke fostered his passion for this form of art by taking him out to the hunting field, where he sketched " his grace " running the stag, or Duke John sticking a boar.

A few years later Ulrich quarrelled with the Swabian League, and its forces ( helped by William IV, Duke of Bavaria, angered by the treatment meted out by Ulrich to his wife Sabina, a Bavarian princess ), invaded Württemberg, expelled the duke and sold his duchy to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, for 220, 000 gulden.

From the first he ranged himself among the opponents of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster ; he was a firm upholder of the rights of the English Church, and was always eager to root out Lollardry.

Further questions were unwelcome, as Charles V's ambassadors found out: " it was thought best not to inquire too closely into what had happened, so as to make no discoveries that might prejudice those tried the duke ".

On the way back to England, Linda runs out of money in Paris and meets Fabrice de Sauveterre, a wealthy French duke.

The village had been laid out at the behest of the Hohenzollern duke Albert of Prussia in 1545.

Initially defeated by the Swedes and forced to recognize the independence of Holstein-Gottorp, Frederick finally drove the next duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Duke Charles Frederick ( who was Frederick IV's first cousin once removed ) out of Schleswig in 1713, and avoided the revenge contemplated by Charles Frederick's mother-in-law, Catherine I of Russia.

In 862 two groups of Vikings — one the larger of two fleets recently forced out of the Seine by Charles the Bald, the other a fleet returning from a Mediterranean expedition — converged on Brittany, where one ( the Mediterranean group ) was hired by the Breton duke Salomon to ravage the Loire valley.

As an example, Froissart records that, during a campaign in Beauce in the year 1380, a squire of the garrison of Toury castle named Gauvain Micaille ( Michaille ) — also mentioned in the Chronique du bon duc Loys de Bourbon as wounded in 1382 at Roosebeke, and again in 1386 ; in 1399 was in the service of the duke of Bourbon — yelled out to the English,

The city underwent some of its most difficult years during the rule of duke Odoardo ( 1622 – 1646 ), when between 6, 000 and 13, 000 Piacentini out of the population of 30, 000 died from famine and plague, respectively.

In 862 two groups of Vikings — one the larger of two fleets recently forced out of the Seine by Charles the Bald, the other a fleet returning from a Mediterranean expedition — converged on Brittany, where one ( the Mediterranean ) was hired by the Breton duke Salomon to ravage the Loire valley.

* Everybody Loves a Chubby Dude from Retox quotes ZZ Top's " I'm Bad, I'm Nationwide " ( I'm fat, I'm nationwide ) in addition to N. W. A's " Straight Outta Compton " and The Thin White Duke phase of David Bowie's career ( Straight out of Munich, I'm the fat white duke ).

It never became clear who, if anyone, had hired or encouraged Maurevert to carry out the attempt but historians generally centre on three possibilities: the Guise family, Catherine de Medici, or the duke of Alba on behalf of Philip II of Spain.

He was despatched by Charles Emmanuel, duke of Savoy, at the head of about 2000 men to aid the revolting Bohemians when war broke out in 1618.

Hence, the duke sent out an announcement, calling for men of talent to aid him in strengthening Qin, promising them rewards of high offices and lands in return for their service.