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The dukes have also previously held the following titles: Baron Strange ( Peerage of England 1628 ) between 1736 and 1764 and 1805 and 1957 ; Baron Murray, of Stanley in the County of Gloucester, and Earl Strange ( Peerage of Great Britain 1786 ) between 1786 and 1957, Baron Glenlyon, of Glenlyon in the County of Perth ( Peerage of the United Kingdom 1821 ) between 1846 and 1957 and Baron Percy ( Peerage of Great Britain 1722 ) between 1865 and 1957.
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Former kings and queens become counts and countesses ( dukes and duchesses if they have reigned more than once ), and former princes and princesses of Principalities become viscounts and viscountesses.
) Most of these territories were in effect ceded to the German Empire, which intended to have them become economically dependent on and politically closely tied to the empire under various German kings and dukes.
The settlers were called in by local dukes and monasteries to repopulate land devastated in the wars, to cultivate the large woodlands and heavy soils that have not been settled before, and to found cities as part of the " Ostsiedlung " ( German eastward expansion ).
* January 8 – Emperor Jin Huidi dies after a 16-year reign in which eight dukes of the imperial family have conducted a civil war ( War of the Eight Princes ) against each other in a struggle for power.
Since the unification of Italy in 1870 and the end of monarchy in Germany in 1918, there have no longer been any reigning dukes in Europe ; Luxembourg is ruled by a grand duke, a higher title, just below king.
The dukes have historically been Roman Catholic, a state of affairs known as recusancy in England.
All past and present dukes have been descended from Edward I ; see Dukes of Norfolk family tree.
Thus, he stripped the princes, dukes, and lesser aristocrats of important defences that could have been used against the King's armies during rebellions.
Since 1772 Swedish royal princes have been nominated dukes of provinces without political significance.
The leaders of the Catholic party, they wanted to avenge the death of the two dukes ' father Francis, Duke of Guise, whose assassination ten years earlier they believed to have been ordered by Coligny.
Since 1772, Swedish Kings have designated princes as dukes of various provinces, a nominal title.
Since the 13th century, Swedish princes in some dynasties have been created dukes of various provinces.
A number of the earls and dukes of Kent have also been knights of the Order of the Garter:
Furthermore, Harold is said to have had ‘ abundant treasure with which to tempt dukes ’.
Frederik's paternal grandfather happened to have both grandfathers who were " Royal " dukes from the Oldenburg dynasty.
( The daughters and younger sons of dukes and marquesses and the daughters of earls have the higher style of Lord or Lady before their first names, and the eldest sons of dukes, marquesses and earls are known by one of their father or mother's subsidiary titles ).
He is one of a handful of dukes who have served as Prime Minister.
* Duke, gōng 公, which especially featured sovereign family members, though after changes of lines within an imperial or royal House or between dynasties, or through internal adoptions or coups, a Duchy's current rulers might have been severed from current imperial or royal sovereigns and have become a distinct lineage of their own ; high dukes might be styled, though not explicit " royal dukes " as in the English peerage.
Tuscany is generally agreed to have declined greatly by the early 18th century under a series of inept grand dukes.
( Cao Mao, although young ( at age 13 ) was known for his intelligence, and Empress Dowager Guo might have believed that he, alone of the princes and dukes, might have had a chance of counteracting the Simas.
dukes and also
After that, the king managed to control the appointment of dukes and often also employed bishops in administrative affairs.
The three Archbishops oversaw the most venerable and powerful sees in Germany, while the other four were supposed to represent the dukes of the four nations ( the Franks, Swabians, Saxons and Bavarians ); they also hold great offices in the imperial household.
And also whatsoever emperors, kings, or princes, dukes, earls or barons ... presume to take possession of things anywhere deposited in holy buildings ... should incur sentence of excommunication.
The Salian dynasty Salier was a dynasty in the High Middle Ages of four German Kings ( 1024 – 1125 ), also known as the Frankish dynasty after the family's origin and role as dukes of Franconia.
In the middle of the 10th century, when the Saxon dukes of the House of Liudolfing had also become German kings, King Otto the Great entrusted more and more of his ducal authority to Hermann Billung.
He also made several Silesian dukes swear an oath of allegiance to him.
Queen Elizabeth was in fact better connected to mighty German rulers than her husband: a descendant of earlier kings, for example Emperor Henry IV, she was also a niece of the Wittelsbach dukes of Bavaria, Austria's important neighbor.
In the early 13th century, with the marriage of the Welf heiress Agnes, the territory fell to the Wittelsbach dukes of Bavaria, who were also dukes and counts palatine of Bavaria.
The four major dukes of Germany ( Henry II of Bavaria, Conrad I of Swabia, Henry III of Carinthia, and Bernard I of Saxony ) also paid tribute to the child king.
A gold rod is also used in the insignia ; gold rods were formally used in the investitures of dukes, but survive now in the investitures of Princes of Wales only.
The importance of Wittenberg historically was due to its seat of the Elector of Saxony, a dignity held by the dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg and also to its close connection with Martin Luther and the dawn of the Protestant Reformation ; several of its buildings are associated with the events of this time.
A duke may or may not be, ipso facto, a member of the nation's peerage: in the United Kingdom and Spain all dukes are / were also peers of the realm, in France some were and some were not, while the term is not applicable to dukedoms of other nations, even where an institution similar to the peerage ( e. g., Grandeeship, Imperial Diet, Hungarian House of Magnates ) existed.
The Franks employed dukes as the governors of Roman provinces, though they also led military expeditions far from their duchies.
As the titles from the HRE were taken over after its dissolution, or in Italy after their territories became independent of the Empire, both countries also had a share of fully sovereign dukes.
The Duchy of Cornwall was created in 1337 and held successively by the dukes of Cornwall, who were also heirs to the throne.
As the dukes then also ruled over the Lesser Polish lands east of the Biała River, settlements arose on both banks like Bielitz ( now Stare Bielsko ), Nickelsdorf ( Mikuszowice Śląskie ), Kamitz ( Kamienica ), Batzdorf ( Komorowice Śląskie ) and Kurzwald in the west as well as Kunzendorf ( Lipnik ), Alzen ( Hałcnów ) and Wilmesau in the east.
Soon Turaŭ also came under the dominion of a local branch of dukes of the Rurik Dynasty and particularly of Izyaslav I, son of Yaroslav the Wise.
# " Grand Duke " is also the usual and established translation in English and French of the Russian courtesy title Velikiy Knjaz ( Grand Prince ) of Russia, which from 17th century belonged to members of the family of the Russian tsar, although under the Russian despotism, those grand dukes were not sovereigns.
The palace, and the town consequently, received the name in honor of Ernest's wife Auguste, herself also from a branch of dukes of Schleswig-Holstein.
From the 14th century, in old texts ( until the 16th / 17th c .) and in Latin, the terms Prut ( h ) enia and Prut ( h ) enic refer not only to the original settlement area of the extinct Old Prussians ( Prusowie, see: Prussia ) along the Baltic Coast east of the Vistula River, but also to the adjacent lands of the former Samboride dukes of Pomerelia, which the Teutonic Knights had acquired from Poland in the 1343 Treaty of Kalisz and added to their Order's State.
The Ypodigma purports to be a history of the dukes of Normandy, but it also contains some English history.
During the reign of the Holstein-Gottorp dynasty ( 1751-1818 ) the title heir of Norway () was added, as also other titles that were connected to the dukes of Holstein-Gottorp.
George I, George II, and George III also served as electors and dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg, informally, Electors of Hanover ( cf.
From the 10th to the mid-12th century, the counts of Poitou were also the dukes of Aquitaine, and the city of Poitiers grew in importance.
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