Thus, while it remains possible that the Babylonians and/or the Pythagoreans may perhaps have had the magic square of three before the Chinese did, more definite evidence will have to turn up from the Middle East or the Classical World before China can lose her claim to the earliest known magic square by more than a thousand years.

His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic.

The oldest known caecilian is Eocaecilia micropodia, also from Arizona, while the earliest salamander is Beiyanerpeton jianpingensis from the Late Jurassic of northeastern China.

The earliest known written documentation of the Chinese abacus dates to the 2nd century BC.

The earliest known alphabet in the wider sense is the Wadi el-Hol script, believed to be an abjad, which through its successor Phoenician is the ancestor of modern alphabets, including Arabic, Greek, Latin ( via the Old Italic alphabet ), Cyrillic ( via the Greek alphabet ) and Hebrew ( via Aramaic ).

The earliest known texts in a Turkic language are the Orkhon inscriptions, of which the earliest dates from around 720 AD and the latest from 735 AD ( Miller 1971: 3 ).

The earliest Mongolic language of which we have written evidence is known as Middle Mongol.

The afterlife played an important role in Ancient Egyptian religion, and its belief system is one of the earliest known.

The earliest known record of argot was in a 1628 document.

The earliest known Christian monastic communities ( see Monasticism ) consisted of groups of cells or huts collected about a common center, which was usually the house of some hermit or anchorite famous for holiness or singular asceticism, but without any attempt at orderly arrangement.

This violin, now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, may have been part of a set made for the marriage of Philip II of Spain to Elisabeth of Valois in 1559, which would make it one of the earliest known violins in existence.

The earliest known sound recording of Advance Australia Fair appears in " The Landing of the Australian Troops in Egypt ", circa 1916, a short commercial recording dramatising arrival of the Australian troops in Egypt en route to Gallipoli.

On 25 May 1824, the town plat was registered with Wayne County as " Annsarbour "; this represents the earliest known use of the town's name.

The earliest known autobiography in English is the early 15th-century Booke of Margery Kempe, describing among other things her pilgrimage to the Holy Land and visit to Rome.

The earliest known Christian image of an angel, in the Cubicolo dell ' Annunziazione in the Catacomb of Priscilla, which is dated to the middle of the third century, is without wings.

The earliest known representation of angels with wings is on what is called the Prince's Sarcophagus, discovered at Sarigüzel, near Istanbul, in the 1930s, and attributed to the time of Theodosius I ( 379-395 ).

Native Americans were the earliest inhabitants of the land that is today known as the United States and played its first music.

" Paddy on the Railway " is attested as a chanty in the earliest known published work to use the word " chanty ," G. E.

The earliest known personification of what would become the United States was " Columbia " who first appeared in 1738 and sometimes was associated with Liberty.

From the time that the earliest English-speaking settlers arrived, the area has also been known as The Forks, because it is situated at the confluence of the north and south branches of the Kalamazoo River.

The earliest known date for a simple glue is 200, 000 BC and for a compound glue 70, 000 BC.

The earliest known member of the house, Esiko, Count of Ballenstedt, first appears in a document of 1036, and is assumed to have been a grandson ( through his mother ) of Odo I, Margrave of the Saxon Ostmark.

The earliest record of a settlement at Ajaccio having a name ancestral to its name is the exhortation in Epistle 77 written in 601 CE of Gregory the great to the Defensor Boniface, one of two known rectors of the early Corsican church, not to leave Aleria and Adjacium without bishops.

The earliest known literary use of the word assassination is in Macbeth by William Shakespeare ( 1605 ).

The earliest Para-Mongolic text is the Memorial for Yelu Yanning, written in the Khitan Large Script and dated to 986 AD.

The Book of Mormon is the earliest of the unique writings of the Latter Day Saint movement, the denominations of which typically regard the text not only as scripture but also as a historical record of God's dealings with the ancient inhabitants of the Americas.

This discovery has shed much light on the differences between the two versions ; while it was previously maintained that the Greek Septuagint ( the version used by the earliest Christians ) was only a poor translation, professor Emanuel Tov, senior editor of the Dead Sea Scrolls ' publication, wrote that the Masoretic edition either represents a substantial rewriting of the original Hebrew, or there had previously been two different versions of the text.

This formulary was also the earliest Chinese medical text to group symptoms into clinically useful " patterns " ( zheng 證 ) that could serve as targets for therapy.

The earliest mention of dominoes is from Yuan Dynasty China, found in the text Former Events in Wulin.

There is no mention of Euclid in the earliest remaining copies of the Elements, and most of the copies say they are " from the edition of Theon " or the " lectures of Theon ", while the text considered to be primary, held by the Vatican, mentions no author.

The earliest text which is believed to include a description of the Faroe Islands, was written by an Irish monk in the Frankish Kingdom named Dicuil, who wrote about the countries in the north.

A Chinese alchemical text dated 492 noted saltpeter burnt with a purple flame, providing a practical and reliable means of distinguishing it from other inorganic salts, thus enabling alchemists to evaluate and compare purification techniques ; the earliest Arabic and Latin accounts of saltpeter purification are dated after 1200.

The history of the devil and the idea of evil: from the earliest times to the present day ( 1899 ) full text

Old Japanese is the first attested written form of Japanese – the earliest text, the Kojiki, dates to the early 8th century AD ; the end of Old Japanese coincides with the end of the Nara period in 794.

A less obviously legendary account of Arthur appears in the Legenda Sancti Goeznovii, which is often claimed to date from the early 11th century although the earliest manuscript of this text dates from the 15th century.

Sometime in the second half of the tenth century a monk named Aldred added an Anglo-Saxon ( Old English ) gloss to the Latin text, producing the earliest surviving Old English copies of the Gospels.

It is generally agreed that " Unlike the Vedas, which have to be preserved letter-perfect, the epic was a popular work whose reciters would inevitably conform to changes in language and style ," so the earliest surviving components of this dynamic text are believed to be no older than the earliest external references we have to the epic, which may include an allusion in Panini's fourth century BCE grammar ( Ashtādhyāyī 4: 2: 56 ).

Among the earliest evidence of the game are fragments of a pottery board and several rock cuts found in Aksumite Ethiopia in Matara ( now in Eritrea ) and Yeha ( in Ethiopia ), which are dated by archaeologists to between the 6th and 7th century AD ; the game may have been mentioned by Giyorgis of Segla in his 14th century Ge ' ez text " Mysteries of Heaven and Earth ," where he refers to a game called qarqis, a term used in Ge ' ez to refer to both Gebet ' a ( Mancala ) and Sant ' araz ( modern sent ' erazh, Ethiopian Chess ).

The textual variation among manuscript copies of books in the New Testament prompted attempts to discern the earliest form of text already in antiquity ( e. g., by the 3rd century Christian author Origen ).

This was the beginning of modern New Testament textual criticism, which over subsequent centuries would increasingly incorporate more and more manuscripts, in more languages ( i. e., versions of the New Testament ), as well as citations of the New Testament by ancient authors and the New Testament text in lectionaries in order to reconstruct the earliest recoverable form of the New Testament text and the history of changes to it.

David Diringer noted that " the first mention of Egyptian documents written on leather goes back to the Fourth Dynasty ( c. 2550-2450 BCE ), but the earliest of such documents extant are: a fragmentary roll of leather of the Sixth Dynasty ( c. twenty-fourth century BCE ), unrolled by Dr. H. Ibscher, and preserved in the Cairo Museum ; a roll of the Twelfth Dynasty ( c. 1990-1777 BCE ) now in Berlin ; the mathematical text now in the British Museum ( MS. 10250 ); and a document of the reign of Ramses II ( early thirtheenth century BCE ).".

Perhaps best known among these is one of the first computerized video games, Spacewar !, but among the list are the first text editor, word processor, interactive debugger, the first credible computer chess program, and some of the earliest computerized music.

His earliest work was a biography of the Greek statesman Philopoemen ; this work was later used as a source by Plutarch when composing his Parallel Lives, however the original Polybian text is lost.

Leonard Cox's The Art or Crafte of Rhetoryke ( c. 1524-1530 ; second edition published in 1532 ) is considered to be the earliest text on rhetorics in English ; it was, for the most part, a translation of the work of Philipp Melanchthon.

The earliest surviving text of a Robin Hood ballad is " Robin Hood and the Monk ".

Thus the earliest translations of the Greek text of the stone show the translators still struggling with the historical context and with administrative and religious jargon.

The earliest organized fandom online was the SF Lovers community, originally a mailing list in the late 1970s with a text archive file that was updated regularly.