Studies in early and medieval Irish archaeology, history and literature in honour of Francis J. Byrne, ed.

Since the early 20th century it has been commonly accepted that Old Irish Bel ( l ) taine is derived from a Common Celtic * belo-te ( p ) niâ, meaning " bright fire " ( where the element * belo-might be cognate with the English word bale in ' bale-fire ' meaning ' white ' or ' shining '; compare Anglo-Saxon bael, and Lithuanian / Latvian baltas / balts, found in the name of the Baltic ; in Slavic languages byelo or beloye also means ' white ', as in Беларусь ( White Russia or Belarus ) or Бе ́ лое мо ́ ре Sea ).

The late 19th and early 20th centuries in Ireland were dominated by Irish nationalists ' pursuit of Home Rule ( or even independence ) from the United Kingdom.

The oldest musical tradition which fits under the label of Celtic fusion originated in the rural American south in the early colonial period and incorporated Scottish, Scots-Irish, Irish, English, and African influences.

In the early 1990s, Charles dated Irish singer-songwriter Suzanne Rhatigan, co-writing lyrics for her album To Hell With Love and directing a video for her.

Columbanus ( 540 – 23 November 615 ;, meaning " the white dove ") was an Irish missionary notable for founding a number of monasteries on the European continent from around 590 in the Frankish and Lombard kingdoms, most notably Luxeuil ( in present-day France ) and Bobbio ( Italy ), and stands as an exemplar of Irish missionary activity in early medieval Europe.

Another early appearance on record followed in 1987, where Enya provided spoken ( not sung ) vocals in Irish on the song " Never Get Old " on Sinéad O ' Connor's debut album, The Lion and the Cobra.

From early on, many Irish nationalists opposed the union and what was seen as the exploitation of the country.

While the Rising and its leaders continued to be venerated by Irish republicans — including members and supporters of the Provisional IRA and the modern Sinn Féin — with murals in republican areas of Belfast and other towns celebrating the actions of Pearse and his comrades, and a number of parades held annually in remembrance of the Rising, the Irish government discontinued its annual parade in Dublin in the early 1970s, and in 1976 it took the unprecedented step of proscribing ( under the Offences against the State Act ) a 1916 commemoration ceremony at the GPO organised by Sinn Féin and the Republican commemoration Committee.

By tradition, the pagan Saxons were invited by Vortigern to assist in fighting the Picts and Irish, though archaeology has suggested some official settlement as landed mercenaries as early as the 3rd century.

Davidson further compares to early attestations of the Irish goddesses Badb ( Davidson points to the description of Badb from The Destruction of Da Choca's Hostel where Badb is wearing a dusky mantle, has a large mouth, is dark in color, and has gray hair falling over her shoulders, or, alternatively, " as a red figure on the edge of the ford, washing the chariot of a king doomed to die ") and The Morrígan.

The Welsh triple harp and early Irish and Scottish harps, however, are traditionally placed on the left shoulder.

* earlygaelicharp. info-information about early Irish and Scottish harps

During the early Middle Ages, 700 – 900 AD, many Irish religious figures went abroad to preach and found monasteries in what is known as the Hiberno-Scottish mission.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, over 38, 000 Irish immigrated to Argentina.

Of the administrative structures established under the 1898 Local Government Act, the only type to have been completely abolished was the Rural District, which was rendered void in the early years of the Irish Free State amidst widespread allegations of corruption.

Evidence of how Imbolc was celebrated in Gaelic Ireland is found in medieval Irish texts that mention the festival, besides folklore collected during the 19th and early 20th century in rural Ireland and the Scottish Highlands.

The three main manuscript sources for Irish mythology are the late 11th / early 12th century Lebor na hUidre which is in the library of the Royal Irish Academy, the early 12th century Book of Leinster in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin, and the Rawlinson manuscript B 502 ( Rawl.

There are claims of earlier discoveries: some historians believe an Irish monk, Brendan, who was known as a good sailor, was close to Jan Mayen in the early sixth century.

A similar first name is Old Irish Artúr, which is believed to be derived directly from an early Old Welsh or Cumbric Artur.

Martin Buber's early collection of stories of the Baal Shem Tov's life includes several that refer to people reincarnating in successive lives.

These events appear to refer to the early part of the year 368 BC.

Hence, historically, it is a daughter language of Dutch, and was previously referred to as " Cape Dutch " ( a term also used to refer collectively to the early Cape settlers ) or ' kitchen Dutch ' ( a crude or derogatory term Afrikaans was called in its earlier days ).

Steiner began using the word to refer to his philosophy in the early 1900s as an alternative to theosophy, the term for Madame Blavatsky's movement, itself from the Greek, with a longer history with a meaning of " divine wisdom ".

In early Indian Buddhism, for example, the term bodhisattva was primarily used to refer specifically to the Buddha Shakyamuni in his former lives.

This singularity is sometimes called " the Big Bang ", but the term can also refer to the early hot, dense phase itself, which can be considered the " birth " of our Universe.

According to Montgomery and Hammer Daniel's use of the word ' Chaldean ' to refer to astrologers in general is an anachronism, as during the Neo-Babylonian and early Persian periods ( when Daniel is said to have lived ), it referred only to an ethnicity.

Social critics have adopted this term to refer to how the synthesis of paranoid conspiracy theories, which were once limited to American fringe audiences, has given them mass appeal and enabled them to become commonplace in mass media, thereby inaugurating an unrivaled period of people actively preparing for apocalyptic millenarian scenarios in the United States of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

This name was used in Turkish side by side with Kostantiniyye, the more formal adaptation of the original Constantinople, during the period of Ottoman rule, while western languages mostly continued to refer to the city as Constantinople until the early 20th century.

Hence, as some scholars of China suggest, the Xia and the Shang can possibly refer to political entities that existed concurrently, just as the early Zhou is known to have existed at the same time as the Shang.

Some early sources refer to pall mall being played over a large distance ( as in golf ), however an image in Strutt's 1801 book clearly shows a croquet-like ground billiards game ( balls on ground, hoop, bats and peg ) being played over a, garden-sized distance.

In the beginning of Christendom, early Christianity was a religion spread in the Greek / Roman world and beyond as a 1st century Jewish sect, which historians refer to as Jewish Christianity.

In the 19th century, it came to refer to humorous illustrations in magazines and newspapers, and in the early 20th century and onward it referred to comic strips and animated films.

Because of the stylistic similarities between comic strips and early animated movies, " cartoon " came to refer to animation, and the word " cartoon " is currently used to refer to both animated cartoons and gag cartoons.

In 19th and early 20th century literature, particularly German medical literature, liquor cerebrospinalis was a term used to refer to CSF.

Reports on these early experiments usually refer to dubnium as hahnium.

The central dispute in the letter concerns the question of how Gentiles could convert to Christianity, which shows that this letter was written at a very early stage in church history, when the vast majority of Christians were Jewish or Jewish proselytes, which historians refer to as the Jewish Christians.

An early recorded mention of the term " El Niño " to refer to climate occurs in 1892, when Captain Camilo Carrillo told the Geographical society congress in Lima that Peruvian sailors named the warm northerly current " El Niño " because it was most noticeable around Christmas.

Ackerman was born Forrest James Ackerman ( though he would refer to himself from the early 1930s on as " Forrest J Ackerman " with no period after the middle initial ) on November 24, 1916 in Los Angeles, to Carroll Cridland ( née Wyman ; 1883 – 1977 ) and William Schilling Ackerman ( 1892 – 1951 ).

Complaints about supposed mainstream misuse started as early as 1983, when media used “ hacker ” to refer to the computer criminals involved in the 414s case.

Modern scholars refer to him as a major source on Greek mythology, farming techniques, early economic thought ( he is sometimes identified as the first economist ), archaic Greek astronomy and ancient time-keeping.

Archeologists refer to apparent intentional burials of early homo sapiens from as early as 300, 000 years ago as evidence of religious ideas.

However, Michael Montgomery, in From Ulster to America: The Scotch-Irish Heritage of American English, states " In Ulster in recent years it has sometimes been supposed that it was coined to refer to followers of King William III and brought to America by early Ulster emigrants …, but this derivation is almost certainly incorrect … In America hillbilly was first attested only in 1898, which suggests a later, independent development.