Throughout the early years of World War 2,, reports persisted that the Axis powers had used gas -- Germany in Russia, Japan in China again.

From early 1942 until late 1944, transport trains delivered Jews to the camp's gas chambers from all over German-occupied Europe.

* The Lyman alpha forest, which allows cosmologists to measure the distribution of neutral atomic hydrogen gas in the early universe, by measuring the absorption of light from distant quasars by the gas.

This model focuses on the dynamics of the early universe considered as a hot gas of strings.

* In the early 1980s, Toyota researched production of an adiabatic engine using ceramic components in the hot gas area.

In the early cold cathode vacuum tubes, called Crookes tubes, this was done by using a high electrical potential between the anode and the cathode to ionize the residual gas in the tube ; the ions were accelerated by the electric field and released electrons when they collided with the cathode.

Essentially early on in the universe galaxies were composed mostly of gas and dark matter, and thus, there were fewer stars.

According to Popular Mechanics, " The common sponge was used in ancient Greece as a gas mask ..." An early type of rudimentary gas mask was invented in the 9th century by the Banu Musa brothers in Baghdad, Iraq.

Hydrogen gas was first artificially produced in the early 16th century, via the mixing of metals with strong acids.

In the early 1950s the gasoline Gasifier unit was developed, where part on cold weather starts raw gasoline was diverted to the unit where part of the gas was burned causing the other part to become a hot vapor sent directly to the intake valve manifold.

A notable exception, discovered in the early 19th century, is the use of a gas mantle above the wick on a kerosene lamp.

While changes to the chromosome caused by X-ray and mustard gas were readily observable to the early researchers, other changes to the DNA induced by other mutagens were not so easily observable, and the mechanism may be complex and takes longer to unravel.

In the 19th century and early 20th century, such unwanted gas was usually burned off at oil fields.

A few early gas engines had double-acting cylinders, but otherwise effectively all internal combustion engine pistons are single-acting.

This mechanism also explains why quasars were more common in the early universe, as this energy production ends when the supermassive black hole consumes all of the gas and dust near it.

These two types were the first true hard vacuum tubes ; early diodes and triodes performed as such despite a rather high residual gas pressure.

Although initially developed in the early years of the 19th century, gas lighting became widespread during the Victorian era in industry, homes, public buildings and the streets.

The exhaust is, however, relatively low in NOx emissions, as combustion temperatures are lower than in other engines, and also because of some inherent Exhaust Gas Recirculation-EGR-in early engines ; the higher the combustion temperature is, the higher the NOx emissions are ( sir Harry Ricardo proved in the 20's that for every 1 % increase of the proportion of exhaust gas in the admission mix, there's a 45º F reduction in flame temperature ); this allowed Mazda to meet the United States Clean Air Act of 1970 in 1973 with a simple and inexpensive ' thermal reactor ' ( an enlarged open chamber in the exhaust manifold ) by paradoxically enriching the air-fuel ratio to the point where the unburned hydrocarbons ( HC ) in the exhaust would support complete combustion in the thermal reactor ; while piston-engine cars required expensive catalytic converters to deal with both unburned hydrocarbons and NOx emissions.

Warfare in the early 20th century ( 1914 – 1918 ) Clockwise from top: front line Trench warfare | Trenches, a United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | British Mark I ( tank ) | Mark I Tank crossing a trench, the Royal Navy battleship HMS Irresistible ( 1898 ) | HMS Irresistible sinking after striking a Naval mine | mine at the Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign | battle of the Dardanelles, a Vickers machine gun crew with gas mask s, and German Albatros D. III biplane s.

The lungs of today's terrestrial vertebrates and the gas bladders of today's fish are believed to have evolved from simple sacs ( outpocketings ) of the esophagus that allowed early fish to gulp air under oxygen-poor conditions.

The new gas chambers became operational in early autumn 1942.

Other methods of refrigeration include the air cycle machine used in aircraft ; the vortex tube used for spot cooling, when compressed air is available ; and thermoacoustic refrigeration using sound waves in a pressurized gas to drive heat transfer and heat exchange ; steam jet cooling popular in the early 1930s for air conditioning large buildings ; thermoelastic cooling using a smart metal alloy stretching and relaxing.

In the late 880s or early 890s, Alfred issued a long domboc or law code, consisting of his " own " laws followed by a code issued by his late seventh-century predecessor King Ine of Wessex.

During the early 1930s throughout Europe, Jewish owners of numerous fine art masterpieces found themselves forced to give up or sell off their collections for minimal prices due to anti-Jewish laws created by the new Nazi regime.

All his laws were repealed by Solon in the early 6th century BC, with the exception of the homicide law.

In the early 1900s scientific behaviorists such as Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B. F. Skinner began the attempt to uncover laws describing the relationship between stimuli and responses, without reference to inner mental phenomena.

Nonetheless, the cost benefit analysis for society at large between having laws that protect citizens from toxic or dangerous living and work conditions such as those that existed in the early industrial 1800's or not clearly comes down on the side of regulation.

Scientists soon began to realize that the Great Auk was disappearing and it became the beneficiary of many early environmental laws, but this proved not to be enough.

However, despite these laws, East Timor has many problems with illegally armed militias, including widespread violence in 2006 which resulted in over 100, 000 people being forced from their homes, as well as two separate assassination attempts on the Prime Minister and President in early 2008.

Participants in debates on immigration in the early twenty-first century called for increasing enforcement of existing laws governing illegal immigration to the United States, building a barrier along some or all of the U. S .- Mexico border, or creating a new guest worker program.

As early as 1815 we find August Wilhelm von Schlegel reviewing the Altdeutsche Wälder ( a periodical published by the two brothers ) very severely, condemning the lawless etymological combinations it contained, and insisting on the necessity of strict philological method and a fundamental investigation of the laws of language, especially in the correspondence of sounds.

44 Issue 4, pp 371 – 388 ; argues that the chiefs ' tyranny in early colonial Kenya had its roots in the British administrative style since the Government needed strong-handed local leaders to enforce its unpopular laws and regulations.

By early 1961, the British had withdrawn their special court system, which handled the cases of foreigners resident in Kuwait, and the Kuwaiti Government began to exercise legal jurisdiction under new laws drawn up by an Egyptian jurist.

The laws are named after German astronomer Johannes Kepler ( 1571-1630 ), who proposed them in the early 1600s.

Although the existence of molecules has been accepted by many chemists since the early 19th century as a result of Dalton's laws of Definite and Multiple Proportions ( 1803 – 1808 ) and Avogadro's law ( 1811 ), there was some resistance among positivists and physicists such as Mach, Boltzmann, Maxwell, and Gibbs, who saw molecules merely as convenient mathematical constructs.

Similar passages include, for example, Exodus 17: 14, " And YHWH said unto Moses, Write this for a memorial in a book, and rehearse it in the ears of Joshua, that I will utterly blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven ;" Exodus 24: 4, " And Moses wrote all the words of YHWH, and rose up early in the morning, and built an altar under the mount, and twelve pillars, according to the twelve tribes of Israel ;" Exodus 34: 27, " And Yahweh said unto Moses, Write thou these words, for after the tenor of these words I have made a covenant with thee and with Israel ;" and " These are the decrees, the laws and the regulations that the LORD established on Mount Sinai between himself and the Israelites through Moses.

For example, E. B. Tylor interpreted myth as an attempt at a literal explanation for natural phenomena: unable to conceive of impersonal natural laws, early man tried to explain natural phenomena by attributing souls to inanimate objects, giving rise to animism.

" In these early years of Sanger's activism, she viewed birth control as a free-speech issue, and when she started publishing The Woman Rebel, one of her goals was to provoke a legal challenge to the federal anti-obscenity laws which banned dissemination of information about contraception.

Mary's first Parliament, which assembled in early October 1553, declared the marriage of her parents valid, and abolished Edward's religious laws.

The specific combination of ' nation ' (' people ') and ' state ' expressed in such terms as the Völkische Staat and implemented in laws such as the 1935 Nuremberg laws made fascist states such as early Nazi Germany qualitatively different from non-fascist nation states.

As early as the thirteenth century, it was held that " the law of nature ... is the ground of all laws " and by the Chancellor and Judges that " it is required by the law of nature that every person, before he can be punish ’ d, ought to be present ; and if absent by contumacy, he ought to be summoned and make default .".

Their final split occurred after Bismarck tried to implement far-reaching anti-Socialist laws in early 1890.

However those that can present a sizable body of work, listed here in descending order of quantity: sermons and saints ' lives, biblical translations ; translated Latin works of the early Church Fathers ; Anglo-Saxon chronicles and narrative history works ; laws, wills and other legal works ; practical works on grammar, medicine, geography ; and poetry.

There are also a number of extant prose works, such as sermons and saints ' lives, biblical translations, and translated Latin works of the early Church Fathers, legal documents, such as laws and wills, and practical works on grammar, medicine, and geography.

Alhazen's intromission theory of light was formulated in the 11th century ; Newton's laws of motion and Newton's law of universal gravitation were formulated in the 17th century ; Maxwell's equations, 19th century ; and quantum mechanics, early 20th century.

File: Johannes Kepler 1610. jpg | Johannes Kepler ( 1571 — 1630 ): used the accurate observations of Tycho Brahe to formulate three fundamental laws of planetary motion, described elliptical motion of planets around the sun, developed early telescopes, invented the convex eyepiece, discovered a means of determining the magnifying power of lenses.