The second noteworthy characteristic is that the country borders on very different parts of the African continent: North Africa, with its Islamic culture and economic orientation toward the Mediterranean Basin ; West Africa, with its diverse religions and cultures and its history of highly developed states and regional economies ; Northeast Africa, oriented toward the Nile Valley and Red Sea region ; and Central or Equatorial Africa, some of whose people have retained classical African religions while others have adopted Christianity, and whose economies were part of the great Congo River system.

Of the emerging democracies in central and eastern Europe, the Czech Republic has one of the most developed industrialized economies.

With fully developed internal economies, Lancaster schools provided a grammar-school education for a cost per student near $ 40 per year in 1999 U. S. dollars.

The three partitions developed different economies, and were economically integrated with their mother states more than with each other.

In more developed economies additional capital is invested in primary means of production.

Such differences also come about due to more efficient production in developed economies, given farm machinery, better information available to farmers, and often larger scale.

Growth in Japan throughout the 1990s at 1. 5 % was slower than growth in other major developed economies, giving rise to the term Lost Decade.

With lack of major technological driving forces and high debt levels, as in developed economies today, we should expect economic stagnation.

The kind of bridge hardware and software that becomes available for different technologies that are popular at the same time are often not developed for differing technologies in different times, because of the lack of a large demand for it and the lack of associated reward of a large market economies of scale, though some of this " glue " does get developed by vendors and enthusiasts of particular legacy technologies ( often called " retrocomputing " communities ).

With GDP per capita of less than $ 2, 000, North Korea remains as one of the world's poorest and least developed countries, in sharp contrast to its neighbor South Korea, which has one of the largest economies in Asia.

There is much debate worldwide over natural resource allocations, this is partly due to increasing scarcity ( depletion of resources ) but also because the exportation of natural resources is the basis for many economies ( particularly for developed nations such as Australia ).

First, in order to modernize the economy from an agricultural base to a manufacture and service base, castle towns were developed as the center and basis of local economies.

As capitalist economies developed, the aristocracy became less relevant and were mostly replaced by capitalist representatives.

Average potato yields in developed economies ranges between 38 – 44 tonnes per hectare.

The yield gap between farms in developing economies and developed economies represents an opportunity loss of over 400 million tonnes of potato, or an amount greater than 2010 world potato production.

Czechoslovakia was already quite industrialized before World War II and the Soviet model mainly took into account less developed economies.

South Korea had one of the world's fastest growing economies from the early 1960s to the late 1990s, and South Korea is still one of the fastest growing developed countries in the 2000s, along with Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan, the other three members of Asian Tigers.

In 1980, the South Korean GDP per capita was $ 2, 300, about one-third of nearby developed Asian economies such as Singapore, Hong Kong, and Japan.

In the past, it was suggested that the centralized state was developed to administer large public works systems ( such as irrigation systems ) and to regulate complex economies.

Taiwan now faces many of the same economic issues as other developed economies.

Complexity of the tax code in developed economies offer perverse tax incentives.

The experiences of dollarization in countries with weak economies and currencies ( for example Israel in the 1980s, Eastern Europe and countries in the period immediately after the collapse of the Soviet bloc, or South American countries throughout the late 20th and early 21st century ) may be seen as Gresham's Law operating in its reverse form ( Guidotti & Rodriguez, 1992 ), since in general the dollar has not been legal tender in such situations, and in some cases its use has been illegal.

In many developing and emerging market economies local governments or administrative units possess the legal authority to impose taxes, but the tax base is so weak and the dependence on central government subsidies so ingrained that no attempt is made to exercise that authority ( see Aristovnik, 2012 ).

While the need to create a legal framework for existing bank securities activities became a dominant theme for the “ financial modernization ” legislation supported by Leach, Rubin, Volcker, and others, after the GLBA repealed Glass-Steagall Sections 20 and 32 in 1999, commentators identified four main arguments for repeal: ( 1 ) increased economies of scale and scope, ( 2 ) reduced risk through diversification of activities, ( 3 ) greater convenience and lower cost for consumers, and ( 4 ) improved ability of U. S. financial firms to compete with foreign firms.

# " Overstaffing " or " hidden unemployment " ( also called " labor hoarding "), the practice in which businesses or entire economies employ workers who are not fully occupied --- for example, workers currently not being used to produce goods or services due to legal or social restrictions or because the work is highly seasonal.

In many market-driven economies, much of the competition for rents is legal, regardless of purported harm it may do to an economy.

The common public perception of large corporate farms supplanting smaller ones is generally a misconception, as many small family farms expand to take advantage of economies of scale, and incorporate the business to limit the legal liabilities of the owners and simplify such things as tax management.

Its social science departments predominantly do their research with an ethnic perspective and has achieved leading research results in China in ethnic economies, regional economics, legal studies in ethnic minorities regions, ethnic administration.

Harvesting eggs has the potential to contribute to local economies, and so the unique practice of allowing a sustainable ( legal ) egg harvest has been attempted in several localities < sup > 4 </ sup >. Numerous case studies have been conducted in regions of arribadas beaches to investigate and understand the socioeconomical, cultural, and political issues of egg collection.

Trade in services takes place between a producer and consumer that are, in legal terms, based in different countries, or economies, this is called International Trade in Services.

Governmental attempts to modernize the economies of the Hadza people, the Bushmen, and other hunter-gatherers have resulted in political, legal, and cultural controversies.

" Jagdish Bhagwati argues that reforms that opened up the economies of China and India contributed to their higher growth in 1980s and 1990s.

In spite of some favorable background, the Republic of Moldova remains Europe's poorest nation, resisting pursuing the types of reforms that have vastly improved the economies of some of its Eastern European neighbors.

His reforms helped to gradually transform the PRC into one of the world's fastest growing economies.

At the time of the Prague Spring, Czechoslovak exports were declining in competitiveness, and Dubček's reforms planned to solve these troubles by mixing planned and market economies.

Perestroika and Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms have similar origins but very different effects on their respective countries ' economies.

These economic reforms, pushed by President Kim Dae-jung, helped Korea maintain one of Asia's few expanding economies, with growth rates of 10. 8 % in 1999 and 9. 2 % in 2000.

In December 1991, Gorbachev resigned as president and the Soviet Union dissolved relatively peacefully into fifteen sovereign republics, all of which rejected communism and most of which adopted democratic reforms and free-market economies.

Hacker sees his task as the initiation of departmental reforms and economies, a reduction of the level of bureaucracy and staff numbers in the Civil Service, and governing the country according to his party's policies.

The IMF created a series of bailouts (" rescue packages ") for the most-affected economies to enable affected nations to avoid default, tying the packages to reforms that were intended to make the restored Asian currency, banking, and financial systems more like those of the United States and Europe.

In a book edited with Pedro-Pablo Kuczynski in 2003, Williamson laid out an expanded reform agenda, emphasizing crisis-proofing of economies, " second-generation " reforms, and policies addressing inequality and social issues ( Kuczynski and Williamson, 2003 ).

In a book edited with Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2003, John Williamson laid out an expanded reform agenda, emphasizing crisis-proofing of economies, " second-generation " reforms, and policies addressing inequality and social issues.

In 1984, he was appointed as a researcher of socio-economic problems and reforms of market economies of Eastern Bloc countries in the Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies in Tirana, where he worked until 1990.

After 2000, the Baltic Tiger economies implemented important economic reforms and liberalisation, which, coupled with their fairly low-wage and skilled labour force, attracted large amounts of foreign investment and economic growth.

* Legal and institutional reforms – redefining the role of the state in these economies, establishing the rule of law, and introducing appropriate competition policies.

The effect of these reforms have been positive, and since 1990, India has had high growth rates, and has emerged as one of the wealthiest economies in the developing world.

The coastal regions of eastern China benefited greatly from these reforms, and their economies quickly raced ahead.