Other risk factors such as cultural environmental effects e. g. trauma have been proposed to explain the higher rates of alcoholism among Native Americans compared to alcoholism levels in caucasians.

Although many English speakers from outside North America regard such terms as distinct Americanisms, they are often just as ubiquitous in Canada, mainly due to the effects of heavy cross-border trade and cultural penetration by the American mass media.

When it becomes possible for a people to describe as ‘ postmodern ’ the décor of a room, the design of a building, the diegesis of a film, the construction of a record, or a ‘ scratch ’ video, a television commercial, or an arts documentary, or the ‘ intertextual ’ relations between them, the layout of a page in a fashion magazine or critical journal, an anti-teleological tendency within epistemology, the attack on the ‘ metaphysics of presence ’, a general attenuation of feeling, the collective chagrin and morbid projections of a post-War generation of baby boomers confronting disillusioned middle-age, the ‘ predicament ’ of reflexivity, a group of rhetorical tropes, a proliferation of surfaces, a new phase in commodity fetishism, a fascination for images, codes and styles, a process of cultural, political or existential fragmentation and / or crisis, the ‘ de-centring ’ of the subject, an ‘ incredulity towards metanarratives ’, the replacement of unitary power axes by a plurality of power / discourse formations, the ‘ implosion of meaning ’, the collapse of cultural hierarchies, the dread engendered by the threat of nuclear self-destruction, the decline of the university, the functioning and effects of the new miniaturised technologies, broad societal and economic shifts into a ‘ media ’, ‘ consumer ’ or ‘ multinational ’ phase, a sense ( depending on who you read ) of ‘ placelessness ’ or the abandonment of placelessness (‘ critical regionalism ’) or ( even ) a generalised substitution of spatial for temporal coordinates-when it becomes possible to describe all these things as ‘ Postmodern ’ ( or more simply using a current abbreviation as ‘ post ’ or ‘ very post ’) then it ’ s clear we are in the presence of a buzzword.

It was recognized in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 1980 as " an activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social, cultural, educational and economic sectors of national societies and on their international relations.

This approach to ethnography, however, still lacked an attention to environmental effects on political and economic processes and is still sometimes criticized for looking to structural explanations for cultural phenomena ( Perry 2003: 123 ).

Nonetheless, the interior has been restored and is in use for cultural events, such as concerts ( συναυλίες ) and Sound and Light Productions ( Ηχος και Φως ), when historical events are recreated using sound and light special effects.

Depending on the cultural context in which it is found, possession may be considered voluntary or involuntary and may be considered to have beneficial or detrimental effects.

Historian Robert W. Morrow speculated that much of the early criticism, which he called " surprisingly intense ", stemmed from cultural and historical reasons in regards to, as he put it, " the place of children in American society and the controversies about television's effects on them ".

Apart from some relatively minor cultural influences, the most significant lasting effects of the Portuguese presence was the disruption and reorganisation of the Southeast Asian trade, and in eastern Indonesia — including Maluku — the introduction of Christianity.

However, rifts within Australian society, right through history, whether by denial of rights to the indigenous people or, on the contrary, by way of feelings of victimisation by the settling communities, and in recent times, the effects of cultural identity and assimilation taken to the extreme in the form of riots, street violence and ethnic gangs on both, the settled and the migrant communities, pose major challenges to multiculturalism in the country.

On the one hand, many anthropologists began to criticize the way moral relativism, in the guise of cultural relativism, is used to mask the effects of Western colonialism and imperialism.

The Denver and Rio Grande Railway's 1881 arrival at Chama, about ten miles to the north, had profound effects on the development of the region by bringing the area out of economic and cultural isolation.

Besides the martial, the demographic and cultural effects of this policy on later Asturian, Spanish and Portuguese history is large.

Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society.

The criteria that is stated by the National Register of Historic Places is said to be able to be, “ interpreted in different ways so that the significance … may be subjectively argued for many cultural resources .” Another issue that arises among scholars is that, “ protection does not necessarily mean preservation .” Any public projects occurring near the cultural resource can have adverse effects.

ISI is often associated and linked with dependency theory, although the latter has traditionally adopted a much broader sociological framework in addressing the cultural origins of underdevelopment through the historical effects of colonialism, Eurocentrism, and neoliberalism.

By 1937, RCA had recovered enough from the effects of the Depression for it to make a dramatic commitment to cultural programming.

Later " reflexive " ethnographies refined the technique to translate cultural differences by representing their effects on the ethnographer.

While the lasting effects of cultural colonialism is of central interest in cultural critiques of neo-colonialism, their intellectual antecedents are economic theories of neo-colonialism: Marxist dependency theory and mainstream criticism of capitalist neoliberalism.

Its effects permanently changed the island's demographic, political and cultural landscape.

It acknowledges the purpose of cultural diversity-which is not necessarily identical to free market effects.

The revival of the Docklands has had major effects in run-down surrounding areas.

Some parts of the Copper Belt have experienced a significant revival as spin-off effects from the massive capital reinvestment are experienced.

Vaughan was a catalyst in the revival of vintage amplifiers and effects during the 1980s.

Through conversion and missionary impetus the effects of this revival were felt as far afield as Italy and Hungary.

The twelfth century left its signature on higher education, on the scholastic philosophy, on European systems of law, on architecture and sculpture, on the liturgical drama, on Latin and vernacular poetry ... We shall confine ourselves to the Latin side of this renaissance, the revival of learning in the broadest sense — the Latin classics and their influence, the new jurisprudence and the more varied historiography, the new knowledge of the Greeks and Arabs and its effects upon western science and philosophy, he stated in his preface.

Many shophouses in Singapore that escaped the draconian effects of the Act have now undergone a revival of sorts, with some restored and renovated to house theatres, budget hotels and tea houses.

the language, however, is a proper object of scrutiny, and the effects of the language are palpable even if sometimes inevitable.

Older tricyclic antidepressants ( TCAs ) are very anxiolytic as well, however, side effects are greater.

These conclusions were, however, questioned by another review, which found that clozapine, amisulpride, and olanzapine and risperidone were more effective Clozapine has appeared to be more effective than other atypical antipsychotics, although it has previously been banned due to its potentially lethal side effects.

Psychologists, however, have found that there is no strong evidence for effects on human behavior around the time of a full moon.

Other beneficial economic effects were few, however, because the mining industry was never well integrated into the rest of the Honduran economy.

For this reason, however, ' narcotic ' has come to mean any illegally used drug, but it is useful as a shorthand for referring to a controlled drug in a context where its legal status is more important than its physiological effects.

As with other opioid analgesics, with a few exceptions, there is no ceiling dose for hydrocodone in users tolerant to its effects ; however the hepatotoxicity of the paracetamol it is often combined with begins to manifest itself with doses of around 4, 000 mg / day.

Even in the case of Northern Italian language, however, scholars are careful not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages.

From 1997 to 2004, Michigan was listed as the only state to top the 10, 000 mark for the number of major new developments ; however, the effects of the late 2000s recession have slowed the state's economy.

Coercion can have some odd side effects, however.

Crowley made many claims for the paranormal effects of magick ; however, as magicians and mystics had done before him and continue to do after him, Crowley dismissed such effects as useless:

The antimicrobial and antibiotic effects of macrolides, however, are not believed to be involved in their beneficial effects toward treating DPB.

Superimposed on this classical picture, however, are quantum-mechanical effects, which can be described using the nuclear shell model, developed in large part by Maria Goeppert-Mayer.

Some activists have, however, opposed the project in the past, claiming it may have negative effects on waterside villagers.

There are, however, other neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, for which both excitatory and inhibitory receptors exist ; and there are some types of receptors that activate complex metabolic pathways in the postsynaptic cell to produce effects that cannot appropriately be called either excitatory or inhibitory.

Overall, however, it rarely causes side effects, and is considered generally safe as a food additive, and as a component in cosmetics and medication.

" In the same report, however, they also recommended monitoring some parapsychological research, such as psychokinesis on random number generators and ganzfeld effects, for possible future studies.

It has been reported that these pharmacokinetic effects, however, have no significant impact on efficacy.

The phenomenon of refraction of sound in the atmosphere has been known for centuries ; however, beginning in the early 1970s, widespread analysis of this effect came into vogue through the designing of urban highways and noise barriers to address the meteorological effects of bending of sound rays in the lower atmosphere.

Recent medical literature, however, finds mixed effects of stretching prior to running.

There exist other physical processes that can lead to a shift in the frequency of electromagnetic radiation, including scattering and optical effects ; however, the resulting changes are distinguishable from true redshift and not generally referred as such ( see section on physical optics and radiative transfer ).

In practice, however, the definition means that high-precision realizations of the second should compensate for the effects of the ambient temperature ( black-body radiation ) within which atomic clocks operate, and extrapolate accordingly to the value of the second at a temperature of absolute zero.

Canada, Thailand, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Australia, Brazil, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, France, Romania, Singapore and Turkey however, have both textual warnings and graphic visual images displaying, among other things, the damaging effects tobacco use has on the human body.