* Alveolar lateral ejective affricate

* Palatal lateral ejective affricate

* Velar lateral ejective affricate

A few languages utilise ejective fricatives: in some dialects of Hausa, the standard affricate is a fricative ; Ubykh ( Northwest Caucasian, now extinct ) had an ejective lateral fricative ; and the related Kabardian also has ejective labiodental and alveolopalatal fricatives,.

Retroflex ejective stops and affricates,, are reported from Yawelmani and other Yokuts languages, as well as Tolowa, Keresan ( with only retroflex affricates ), and Gwich ' in ; however, the retroflex ejective affricate is also found in most Northwest Caucasian languages.

* alveolar ejective affricate ( in Abkhaz, Amharic, Archi, Avar, Gwich ’ in, Hadza, Hausa, Kabardian, Sandawe, Tlingit )

* palato-alveolar ejective affricate ( in Abkhaz, Amharic, Archi, Avar, Chipewyan, Gwich ’ in, Hadza, Hausa, Kabardian, Lakota, Quechua, Tigrinya, Tlingit, Zulu )

* retroflex ejective affricate ( in Abkhaz )

* alveolo-palatal ejective affricate ( in Abkhaz )

* palatal lateral ejective affricate ( in Dahalo, Hadza )

* palatal ejective affricate ( in Kabardian )

* dental ejective affricate ( in Chipewyan, Gwich ’ in )

* velar ejective affricate ( in Hadza, Zulu )

* uvular ejective affricate ( in Lillooet, Avar )

* alveolar lateral ejective affricate ( in Chipewyan, Dahalo, Gwich ’ in, Haida, Lillooet, Nez Perce, Sandawe, Tlingit, Tsez )

* velar lateral ejective affricate ( in Archi, Gǀui )

* Alveolar ejective affricate tsʼ

* Alveolar lateral ejective affricate tɬʼ

* Postalveolar ejective affricate tʃʼ

* Retroflex ejective affricate tʂʼ

* Palatal lateral ejective affricate cʎ ̝ ʼ

* Velar ejective affricate kxʼ

* alveolar ejective ( in Abkhaz, Archi, Avar, Bats, Kabardian, Gwich ’ in, Nez Perce, Quechua, Tlingit, Zulu )

* retroflex ejective ( in Gwich ’ in )

* velar ejective ( in Abkhaz, Amharic, Archi, Avar, Gwich ’ in, Hausa, Kabardian, Lakota, Nez Perce, Quechua, Sandawe, Tigrinya, Tlingit, Zulu )

) An old IPA symbol for light aspiration was ( that is, like a rotated ejective symbol ), but this is no longer commonly used.

In the case of Xhosa, there is a four-way contrast analogous to Indic in oral clicks, and similarly a two-way contrast among nasal clicks, but a three-way contrast among plosives and affricates ( breathy voiced, aspirated, and ejective ), and two-way contrasts among fricatives ( voiceless and breathy voiced ) and nasals ( voiced and breathy voiced ).

Similarly, in an ejective consonant with a glottalic airstream mechanism, the lips or the tongue ( i. e., the buccal or lingual valve ) are initially closed and the closed glottis ( the laryngeal piston ) is raised decreasing the oral cavity volume behind the valve closure and increasing the pressure compared to the volume and pressure at a resting state.

( The exception is, which remains an ejective in Veinakh.

That is, there is a set of ejective consonants

Typical of the region, a four-way distinction between voiced, voiceless, ejective, and geminate fortis stops is found.

Like most other Ethiopian languages, whether Semitic, Cushitic, or Omotic, Oromo has a set of ejective consonants, that is, voiceless stops or affricates that are accompanied by glottalization and an explosive burst of air.

In producing an ejective, the stylohyoid muscle and digastric muscle contract — causing the hyoid bone and the connected glottis to raise — while the forward articulation ( at the velum in the case of ) is held, raising air pressure greatly in the mouth, so that when the oral articulators separate, there is a dramatic burst of air.

The most common ejective is, not because it is easier to produce than other ejectives like or ( it isn't ) but because the auditory distinction between and is greater than with other ejectives and voiceless consonants of the same place of articulation.

is the most common ejective, and is common among languages which have uvulars, less so, and is uncommon.

Tlingit is an extreme case, with ejective alveolar, lateral, velar, and uvular fricatives, ; it may be the only language with the latter.

Upper Necaxa Totonac is unusual and perhaps unique in that it has ejective fricatives ( alveolar, lateral, and postalveolar ) but completely lacks ejective stops or affricates ( Beck 2006 ).

Other languages with ejective fricatives are Yuchi, which in some sources is analyzed as having ( note this is not the analysis of the Wikipedia article ), Keres dialects, with, and Lakota, with.

When sonorants are written with an apostrophe, as if they were ejective, they actually involve a different airstream mechanism: they are glottalized consonants and vowels, where glottalization interrupts an otherwise normal pulmonic airstream, somewhat like English uh-uh ( either vocalic or nasal ) pronounced as a single sound.

), while the traditional term ' accompaniment ' conflates the categories of manner ( nasal, affricated ), phonation ( voiced, aspirated, breathy voiced, glottalized ), as well as any change in the airstream with the release of the posterior articulation ( pulmonic, ejective ), all of which are transcribed with additional letters or diacritics, as in the nasal alveolar click, ⟨⟩ or ⟨⟩ or — to take an extreme example — the voiced ( uvular ) ejective alveolar click, ⟨⟩.

Some languages have stops made with other mechanisms as well: ejective stops ( glottalic egressive ), implosive stops ( glottalic ingressive ), or click consonants ( lingual ingressive ).

Kabardian has the least number of consonants of any North-Western Caucasian language, with 48, including some rather unusual ejective fricatives and a small number of vowels.

which, along with, a velar or uvular ejective fricative, make it easy to distinguish spoken Tigrinya from related languages such as Amharic, though not from

Abkhaz has a very large number of consonants ( 58 in the literary dialect ), with three-way voiced / voiceless / ejective and palatalized / labialized / plain distinctions.

In phonetics, ejective consonants are voiceless consonants that are pronounced with simultaneous closure of the glottis.

These weakly ejective articulations are sometimes called intermediates in older American linguistic literature and are notated with different phonetic symbols: ⟨⟩ = strongly ejective, ⟨⟩ = weakly ejective.

Language families which distinguish ejective consonants include all three Caucasian families ( Northwest Caucasian languages, Northeast Caucasian languages and Kartvelian Georgian language ); the Athabaskan, Siouan and Salishan families of North America, along with the many diverse families of the Pacific Northwest from central California to British Columbia ; the Mayan family and Aymara ; the southern varieties of Quechua ( Qusqu-Qullaw ); the Afro-Asiatic family ( notably most of the Cushitic and Omotic languages, Hausa and South Semitic languages like Amharic and Tigrinya ) and a few Nilo-Saharan languages ; Sandawe, Hadza, and the Khoisan families of southern Africa.

Murmured vowels after plain consonants contrast with plain vowels after aspirated consonants, and likewise glottalized vowels with ejective consonants, so these are phonations of the vowels and not assimilation with consonant phonation.