Livia was the first Roman Empress and was Augustus ’ third wife ( from Livia ’ s first marriage to praetor Tiberius Nero, she had two sons: the emperor Tiberius and the general Nero Claudius Drusus.

After the death of her first husband, Agrippina tried to make shameless advances to the future emperor Galba, who showed no interest in her and was devoted to his wife Aemilia Lepida.

* Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus ( consul 16 BC ), only child of the above Gnaeus Domitius and Aemilia Lepida, paternal grandfather of the Emperor Nero, maternal grandfather of Valeria Messalina ( third wife of the emperor Claudius )

In 1195, while Isaac II was away hunting in Thrace, Alexios was acclaimed as emperor by the troops with the conniving of Alexios ' wife Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera.

Archduke Charles of Austria, Duke of Teschen (, also known as Karl von Österreich-Teschen ) ( Full name: Karl Ludwig Johann Josef Lorenz of Austria ) ( 5 September 1771 – 30 April 1847 ) was an Austrian field-marshal, the third son of emperor Leopold II and his wife Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain.

Prasutagus had lived a long life of conspicuous wealth and, hoping to preserve his line, made the Roman emperor co-heir to his kingdom, along with his wife and two daughters.

Cuauhtémoc took power in 1520 as successor of Cuitláhuac and was a cousin of the former emperor Moctezuma II, and his young wife, who would later be known as Isabel Moctezuma, was one of Moctezuma's daughters.

None ascended purely as a wife or as a widow of an emperor.

Empress Suiko was a consort to her half-brother, Emperor Bidatsu, but after Bidatsu's first wife died she became his official consort and was given the title Ōkisaki ( official consort of the emperor ).

He was the younger son of emperor Theodosius I and his first wife Aelia Flaccilla, and brother of the eastern emperor Arcadius.

Trajan never officially designated an heir, but according to his wife Pompeia Plotina, Trajan named Hadrian emperor immediately before his death.

Arthur and his warriors, including Kaius ( Kay ), Beduerus ( Bedivere ) and Gualguanus ( Gawain ), defeat the Roman emperor Lucius Tiberius in Gaul but, as he prepares to march on Rome, Arthur hears that his nephew Modredus ( Mordred )— whom he had left in charge of Britain — has married his wife Guenhuuara ( Guinevere ) and seized the throne.

With his wife now imprisoned, Godfrey returned to Germany to stir up rebellion and draw Henry out of Italy, but the emperor merely took Beatrice and Frederick with him.

Baadshah Shah Jahan was born as Prince Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram, on January 5 ( Julian ), 1592 in Lahore, Pakistan as the third and favourite son of the emperor Jahangir from his Rajput wife Gossaini.

His second wife ( but never declared Augusta ) was Galla, daughter of the emperor Valentinian I and his second wife Justina.

* Empress She, wife of emperor Yao Chang

* October 13 – Roman emperor Claudius dies, possibly after being poisoned by Agrippina, his wife and niece, and is succeeded by Nero.

* October 13 – Claudius, Roman emperor, possibly poisoned by his wife Agrippina

* Eudokia Ingerina, wife of Byzantine emperor Basil I

* Britannicus, son of later Roman emperor Claudius and his third wife Messalina

* Valeria Messalina, third wife of emperor Claudius

* Domitia Longina, first wife of Roman emperor Domitian ( d. 130 )

Anna was highly successful in three important aspects of the revolt: she bought time for her sons to steal imperial horses from the stables and escape the city, she distracted the emperor and gave her sons time to gather and arm their troops and she gave a false sense of security to Botaneiates that there was no real treasonous coup against him.

Later, in the eleventh century, the Byzantine emperor gave them to the French Count Jocelin.

He gave the Byzantine emperor Constantine Palaeologus ( 1449 – 1453 ) three chances to surrender the city, a duty enjoined by the Shariah ( Muslim Holy Law ).

With regards to the emperor himself as a religious figure, both Suetonius and Cassius Dio allege that Domitian officially gave himself the title of Dominus et Deus.

The emperor gave them legal status within the entire Roman Empire.

On his side, the emperor gave up his claim to investiture with ring and crosier and granted freedom of election to the episcopal sees.

The empire was distinctly authoritarian in tone, as the 1871 constitution gave the emperor exclusive power to appoint or dismiss the chancellor.

His services were even more conspicuous in the great pitched Battle of Nördlingen ( 1634 ), after which the emperor made him a Freiherr of the Empire, and the elector of Bavaria gave him the rank of lieutenant field-marshal.

While with Louis, the emperor gave Stephen a number of presents, including an estate of land ( most likely at Vendeuvre-sur-Barse ) granted to the Roman church.

The martyrdom of Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Ji 9th Guru to protect Hindus from religious persecution, in Delhi, on 11 November 1675 AD, is another example of upholding minority religious freedom ; he gave his life to protect the right of Kashmiri Hindus to practice their own religion when they were being forced to convert to Islam by Aurangzeb, the Mughal emperor at the time.

Some legends state that Virgil, fearing that he would die before he had properly revised the poem, gave instructions to friends ( including the current emperor, Augustus ) that the Aeneid should be burned upon his death, owing to its unfinished state and because he had come to dislike one of the sequences in Book VIII, in which Venus and Vulcan have sexual intercourse, for its nonconformity to Roman moral virtues.

In 1323 Louis gave Brandenburg as a fiefdom to his eldest son Louis V. With the Treaty of Pavia the emperor returned the Palatinate to his nephews Rudolf and Rupert in 1329.

The emperor, who had hoped for the complete conquest of Sicily, instead separated Capua and Apulia from Roger's kingdom and gave them to Roger's enemies.

Here, in 313 AD, emperor Constantine issued the famous edict that gave freedom of confession to all religions within the Empire.

However, the following year, a detachment of soldiers from Britain ( they had been drafted to Italy to suppress brigands ) also denounced Perennis to the emperor as plotting to make his own son emperor ( they had been enabled to do so by Cleander, who was seeking to dispose of his rival ), and Commodus gave them permission to execute him as well as his wife and sons.

Nogai Khan, half a century later, married a daughter of the Byzantine emperor, and gave his own daughter in marriage to a Rus ' prince, Theodor the Black.

Three years later, the Treaty of Cambrai assigned Asti to the German emperor, who in turn gave it to the viceroy of Naples Charles de Lannoy.

The escort of the emperor gave him privacy to relieve himself, and Martialis then ran forward and killed Caracalla with a single sword stroke.

Details of his early life are elusive, but for his marriage to Egnatia Mariniana, who gave him two sons: later emperor Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus and Valerianus Minor.

In 1256, at the death of William II of Holland, Alfonso's descent from the Hohenstaufen through his mother, a daughter of the emperor Philip of Swabia, gave him a claim through the Swabian line.

Japan's reforms under the Meiji emperor gave significant priority to naval construction, and the creation of an effective modern national army and navy.

These misfortunes caused widespread dissatisfaction, exacerbated by the devaluation of the currency, which gave the emperor his nickname Parapinakēs, " minus a quarter ".