Essential to Hanegraaff ’ s methodology is what he calls an “ empirical ” approach, with an informed, open, and, so much as possible, neutral mind.

* Understanding risk and threat analysis methodology and the benefits of an empirical study of the physical security of a facility.

All thought experiments, however, employ a methodology that is a priori, rather than empirical, in that they do not proceed by observation or physical experiment.

The first took place during the 1930s, triggered by Dingle's criticism of E. A. Milne's cosmological model and the associated theoretical methodology, which Dingle considered overly speculative and not based on empirical data.

Thus, he is said to have " failed to provide an adequate methodology for the history of religions and to establish this discipline as an empirical science ", though the same critics admit that " the history of religions should not aim at being an empirical science anyway ".

Paranormal phenomena are distinct from certain hypothetical entities, such as dark matter and dark energy, only insofar as paranormal phenomena are inconsistent with the world as already understood through empirical observation coupled with scientific methodology.

Feminist economics is the critical study of economics including its methodology, epistemology, history and empirical research, attempting to overcome pervasive androcentric ( male and patriarchal ) biases.

In contrast to earlier amateur collectors, the Lomaxes were also among the first to attempt to apply scholarly methodology in their work, though they did not adhere to the strict empirical positivism adopted by the subsequent generation of academic folklorists, who believed in refraining from drawing conclusions about the data they amassed.

As demonstrated above, only a good scientific hypothesis can lead to the development of a methodology that will allow the empirical description, be it dynamic or static.

Behavioralists used strict methodology and empirical research to validate their study as a social science.

Interestingly, however, none of the critiques towards this methodology is specific to it, as they are immediately applicable to either theoretical or empirical approaches or both.

As a result, current contingent valuation methodology corrects for these shortcomings, and current empirical testing indicates that such bias and inconsistency has been successfully addressed.

Its use of a empirical methodology that encompasses psychological experience contrasts to the purely positivistic approach typical of the natural sciences ( which exclude all methods not based solely on external sensory observations ).

The DDS is perhaps the most standardized of all art therapy assessments and relies on both empirical methodology and social science theories.

It aims to encourage empirical research ( using valid and reliable methodology, with studies of the methods themselves where necessary ); to promote the use of knowledge and methods from the human sciences in both design and evaluation of computer systems ; to promote better understanding of the relation between formal design methods and system usability and acceptability ; to develop guidelines, models and methods by which designers may be able to provide better human-oriented computer systems ; and to co-operate with other groups, inside and outside IFIP, so as to promote user-orientation and " humani-zation " in system design.

Karl Marx's methodology borrowed from Hegel dialecticism but also a rejection of positivism in favour of critical analysis, seeking to supplement the empirical acquisition of " facts " with the elimination of illusions.

Although these scales provide empirical methodology for study of attributional style, and considerable empirical data support the Abramson-Seligman-Teasdale model of depression, there has been dispute about whether this concept really exists.

And, because of the incidence of rapid change, the methodology of comparative statics has fewer applications than in the theory of international trade, and empirical analysis is more widely employed.

Chart compilation methodology and data sources vary, ranging from buzz charts based on opinions of various experts and tastemakers, to charts that reflect empirical data such as retail sales.

This use of empirical data is widely seen as opposed to a philosophical methodology that relies mainly on a priori justification, sometimes called " armchair " philosophy by experimental philosophers.

Further, other philosophers like David Hume, René Descartes and John Locke are often held up as early models of philosophers who appealed to empirical methodology.

Popper conceived of his definition as a justification of his own preferred methodology: falsificationism, in the following sense: suppose theory A is closer to the truth than theory B according to Popper's qualitative definition of verisimilitude ; in this case, we will ( or should, if that definition had been logically sound ) have that all true consequences of B are consequences of A, and that all false consequences of A are consequences of B ; this means that, if A and B are so related, then it should be the case that all known false empirical consequences of A also follow from B, and all known true empirical consequences of B do follow from A.

For Avicenna ( Ibn Sina ), for example, the a tabula rasa is a pure potentiality that is actualized through education, and knowledge is attained through " empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts " developed through a " syllogistic method of reasoning in which observations lead to propositional statements which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts.

Vincenzo, through his tuning research, found the underlying truth at the heart of the misunderstood myth of ' Pythagoras ' hammers ' ( the square of the numbers concerned yielded those musical intervals, not the actual numbers, as believed ), and through this and other discoveries that demonstrated the fallibility of traditional authorities, a radically empirical attitude developed, passed on to Galileo, which regarded " experience and demonstration " as the sine qua non of valid rational enquiry.

After examining the long history of empirical research, Bowen, Hollander and Viane concluded: " Recent tests of the factor abundance theory theory and its developed form into many-commodity and many-factor case that directly examine the H-O-V equations also indicate the rejection of the theory.

Philosophers in ancient societies were interested in how humans acquired the ability to understand and produce language well before empirical methods for testing those theories were developed, but for the most part they seemed to regard language acquisition as a subset of man's ability to acquire knowledge and learn concepts.

Babylonian reasoning and rationality developed beyond empirical observation.

Under the influence of scientists and philosophers like Francis Bacon, a sophisticated empirical tradition was developed by the 16th century.

He argued that the " human intellect at birth is rather like a tabula rasa, a pure potentiality that is actualized through education and comes to know " and that knowledge is attained through " empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts " which is developed through a " syllogistic method of reasoning ; observations lead to prepositional statements, which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts.

Lipscomb's group developed calculation methods, both empirical and from quantum mechanical theory.

Standard economic theory and empirical data indicates that second-hand clothing import can have positive effects in a country like Zambia ( one of the least developed countries in the world ).

* Strategy, including: Funding sources ( individuals, corporations, foundations, donors / governments, endowments, sales / events ) and business model ( independent research, contract work, advocacy ); The balance between research, consultancy, and advocacy ; The source of their arguments: Ideology, values or interests ; applied, empirical or synthesis research ; or theoretical or academic research ( Stephen Yeo ); The manner in which the research agenda is developed — by senior members of the think tank or by individual researchers, or by the think tank of their funders ; Their influencing approaches and tactics ( many researchers but an interesting one comes from Abelson ) and the time horizon for their strategies: long term and short term mobilisation ; Their various audiences of the think tanks ( audiences as consumers and public-this merits another blog ; soon ) ( again, many authors, but Zufeng provides a good framework for China ); and Affiliation, which refers to the issue of independence ( or autonomy ) but also includes think tanks with formal and informal links to political parties, interest groups and other political players.

Although the metric system has changed and developed since its inception, its basic concepts have hardly changed-it was designed for transnational use ; it consisted of a basic set of units of measurement, now known as base units ; derived units were built up from the base units using logical rather than empirical relationships while multiples and submultiples of both base and derived units were decimal based and identified by a standard set of prefixes.

Babylonian reasoning and rationality developed beyond empirical observation.

Unified growth theory was developed by Oded Galor and his co-authors to address the inability of endogenous growth theory to explain key empirical regularities in the growth processes of individual economies and the world economy as a whole.

Endogenous growth theory was satisfied with accounting for empirical regularities in the growth process of developed economies over the last hundred years.

As a consequence, it was not able to explain the qualitatively different empirical regularities that characterized the growth process over longer time horizons in both developed and less developed economies.

Sometimes an empirical calibration function is developed, using known concentrations of the sample, to allow measurements into the region where the instrument is becoming non-linear.

Lakoff's reliance on empirical scientific evidence, i. e. specifically falsifiable predictions, in the 1987 work and in Philosophy in the Flesh ( 1999 ) suggests that the cognitive-metaphor position has no objections to the scientific method, but instead considers the scientific method a finely developed reasoning system used to discover phenomena which are subsequently understood in terms of new conceptual metaphors ( such as the metaphor of fluid motion for conducted electricity, which is described in terms of " current " " flowing " against " impedance ," or the gravitational metaphor for static-electric phenomena, or the " planetary orbit " model of the atomic nucleus and electrons, as used by Niels Bohr ).

In the book Milton's Prosody, he took an empirical approach to examining Milton's use of blank verse, and developed the controversial theory that Milton's practice was essentially syllabic.

Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati developed an early scientific method for botany, introducing empirical and experimental techniques in the testing, description and identification of numerous materia medica, and separating unverified reports from those supported by actual tests and observations.

He argued that the " human intellect at birth is rather like a tabula rasa, a pure potentiality that is actualized through education and comes to know " and that knowledge is attained through " empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts " which is developed through a " syllogistic method of reasoning ; observations lead to prepositional statements, which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts.

Recently the theories of human flourishing developed by these humanistic psychologists have found empirical support from studies by positive psychologists.

Sabine's reverberation equation was developed in the late 1890s in an empirical fashion.

Early Buddhist scriptures describe an enlightened individual as someone whose changing, empirical self is highly developed.