The cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibited by NSAIDs was discovered to have at least 2 different versions: COX1 and COX2.

In the early 20th century, before enzymology was well understood, colloids were thought to be the key to the operation of enzymes ; i. e., the addition of small quantities of an enzyme to a quantity of water would, in some fashion yet to be specified, subtly alter the properties of the water so that it would break down the enzyme's specific substrate, such as a solution of ATPase breaking down ATP.

As more detailed knowledge of biology and biochemistry developed, the colloidal theory was replaced by the macromolecular theory, which explains an enzyme as a collection of identical huge molecules that act as very tiny machines, freely moving about between the water molecules of the solution and individually operating on the substrate, no more mysterious than a factory full of machinery.

The word enzyme was used later to refer to nonliving substances such as pepsin, and the word ferment was used to refer to chemical activity produced by living organisms.

However, in 1926, James B. Sumner showed that the enzyme urease was a pure protein and crystallized it ; Sumner did likewise for the enzyme catalase in 1937.

This was first done for lysozyme, an enzyme found in tears, saliva and egg whites that digests the coating of some bacteria ; the structure was solved by a group led by David Chilton Phillips and published in 1965.

The enzyme was introduced into the pig chromosome by pronuclear microinjection.

The enzyme was originally discovered by Mary Bernheim in the liver and was named tyramine oxidase.

" The central role of proteins as enzymes in living organisms was not fully appreciated until 1926, when James B. Sumner showed that the enzyme urease was in fact a protein.

It was later labeled Pepsi Cola, named after the digestive enzyme pepsin and kola nuts used in the recipe.

However, the enzyme discovered by Ochoa ( polynucleotide phosphorylase ) was later shown to be responsible for RNA degradation, not RNA synthesis.

For the first isolation of a restriction enzyme, HindII, in 1970, and the subsequent discovery and characterization of numerous restriction endonucleases, the 1978 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Daniel Nathans, Werner Arber, and Hamilton O. Smith.

In the 1990s and early 2000s, new enzymes from this family were discovered that did not follow all the classical criteria of this enzyme class, and new subfamily nomenclature was developed to divide this large family into subcategories based on deviations from typical characteristics of type II enzymes.

However, in 1970 when the scientists Howard Temin and David Baltimore both independently discovered the enzyme responsible for reverse transcription, named reverse transcriptase, the possibility that genetic information could be passed on in this manner was finally accepted.

FPC was the first artificially produced enzyme to be registered and allowed by the US Food and Drug Administration.

In the subsequent 10 – 30 minutes, the detection of isotope-labelled carbon dioxide in exhaled breath indicates that the urea was split ; this indicates that urease ( the enzyme that H. pylori uses to metabolize urea ) is present in the stomach, and hence that H. pylori bacteria are present.

The viral enzyme reverse transcriptase, which along with integrase is a distinguishing trait of retroviruses, was first described in 1970, independently by Howard Temin and David Baltimore.

During experiments in which the complex was reconstituted in test tubes, Altman and his group discovered that the RNA component, in isolation, was sufficient for the observed catalytic activity of the enzyme, indicating that the RNA itself had catalytic properties, which was the discovery that earned him the Nobel prize.

Severo Ochoa won the 1959 Nobel Prize in Medicine ( shared with Arthur Kornberg ) after he discovered an enzyme that can synthesize RNA in the laboratory.

* The dawn of biochemistry: The first enzyme, diastase, is discovered by Anselme Payen.

( An example such enzyme is NDM-1, discovered in 2009.

Diastase was the first enzyme discovered.

Payen discovered the first enzyme, diastase, in 1833.

* 1836 — Theodor Schwann discovered pepsin in extracts from the stomach lining ; first isolation of an animal enzyme.

* 1955 — Marianne Grunberg-Manago and Severo Ochoa discovered the first nucleic-acid-synthesizing enzyme ( polynucleotide phosphorylase ), which links nucleotides together into polynucleotides.

As diastase, amylase was the first enzyme to be discovered and isolated ( by Anselme Payen in 1833 ).

Chronic infections are typically asymptomatic during the first few decades, and thus are most commonly discovered following the investigation of elevated liver enzyme levels or during a routine screening of high risk individuals.

* Anselme Payen, chemist, discovered the first enzyme

The associated enzyme deficiency was discovered in 1959 by W. F. H. M. Mommaerts et al.

It was the first enzyme to be discovered, and, in 1929, it became one of the first enzymes to be crystallized, by John H. Northrop.

In August 2012, Scientists at the University of Pennsylvania announced that they had discovered an enzyme which caused baldness.

Later they discovered a similar enzyme produced by soil bacteria that also breaks down organochloride insecticides but which works faster and remains stable in a variety of conditions.

In 1994, Pfizer scientists discovered that sildenafil, which also inhibits the PDE5 enzyme, caused penile erection in men participating in a clinical study of a heart medicine.

Leloir and his team discovered that in galactosemia, patients lacked the necessary enzyme ( Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase ) to convert unusable galactose into usable glucose.

Later, Kary Mullis and other investigators at Cetus Corporation discovered this enzyme could be used in the polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) process for amplifying short segments of DNA, eliminating the need to add enzyme after every cycle of thermal denaturation of the DNA.

* The enzyme telomerase is discovered by Carol W. Greider and Elizabeth Blackburn in the ciliate Tetrahymena.

Hanukoglu was awarded the first Hans Lindner Prize ( 1988 ) of the Israel Endocrine Society, and Lubell Award ( 1991 ) of the Weizmann Institute of Science for his elucidation of the structures of NAD / NADP coenzyme binding enzyme families, and his discovery of common NADP binding motifs in the structure of these enzymes.

The inhibition of the enzyme by very low concentrations of lanthanum ion is probably the strongest known biological effect of rare earth salts.

Mucus and pepsin, a digestive enzyme, are secreted by glands lining the oesophagus.

* Ada ( protein ), enzyme induced by treatment of bacterial cells

While-amino acids represent all of the amino acids found in proteins during translation in the ribosome ,-amino acids are found in some proteins produced by enzyme posttranslational modifications after translation and translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum, as in exotic sea-dwelling organisms such as cone snails.

Ampicillin acts as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme transpeptidase, which is needed by bacteria to make their cell walls.

Research suggested that most of the adverse effects of NSAIDs were mediated by blocking the COX1 ( constitutive ) enzyme, with the analgesic effects being mediated by the COX2 ( inducible ) enzyme.

MAOIs work by blocking the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which breaks down the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine.

Albinism ( from Latin albus, " white "; see extended etymology, also called achromia, achromasia, or achromatosis ) is a congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes due to absence or defect of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme involved in the production of melanin.

Damage to DNA can cause mutations and possibly cancer, if not reversed by DNA repair mechanisms, while damage to proteins causes enzyme inhibition, denaturation and protein degradation.

Bromine has no essential function in mammals, though it is preferentially used over chloride by one antiparasitic enzyme in the human immune system.

Though this enzyme is the most prolific creator of organic bromides by living organisms, other bromoperoxidases exist in nature that do not use vanadium.

The dawn of biochemistry may have been the discovery of the first enzyme, diastase ( today called amylase ), in 1833 by Anselme Payen.

By lowering the activation energy, the enzyme speeds up that reaction by a rate of 10 < sup > 11 </ sup > or more: a reaction that would normally take over 3, 000 years to complete spontaneously might take less than a second with an enzyme.

When conjugation is initiated by a signal the relaxase enzyme creates a nick in one of the strands of the conjugative plasmid at the oriT.

This reaction is strongly affected by catalysts such as manganese dioxide, or the enzyme peroxidase in organisms.

The " Circe effect ", coined by the enzymologist William P. Jencks, refers to a scenario where an enzyme lures its substrate towards it through electrostatic forces exhibited by the enzyme molecule before transforming it into product.