The thalamus is part of a nuclear complex structured of four parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, ventral thalamus, and dorsal thalamus.

It is part of the epithalamus.

It is made up of four distinct components: the thalamus, the subthalamus, the hypothalamus and the epithalamus.

The epithalamus comprises the trigonum habenulæ, the pineal body, and the posterior commissure.

Derivatives of the diencephalon also include the dorsally-located epithalamus ( essentially the habenula and annexes ) and the perithalamus ( prethalamus formerly described as ventral thalamus ) containing the zona incerta and the " reticulate nucleus " ( not the reticular, term of confusion ).

At the five-vesicle stage, the prosencephalon separates into the diencephalon ( prethalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, and pretectum ) and the telencephalon ( cerebrum ).

Diencephalon elaborations include the subthalamus, hypothalamus, thalamus and epithalamus, and its cavity forms the third ventricle.

Due to their different ontogenetic origins, the epithalamus and the perithalamus are formally distinguished from the thalamus proper.

The SCN takes the information on the lengths of the day and night from the retina, interprets it, and passes it on to the pineal gland, a tiny structure shaped like a pine cone and located on the epithalamus.

In aquatic salamanders and in frog tadpoles, the tail has dorsal and ventral fins and is moved from side to side as a means of propulsion.

The three sepals are generally colourful and bright ( which is why they are sometimes called outer tepals ), with one on each side (" lateral sepals ") and one usually at the top of the flower (" dorsal sepal "), sometimes forming a hood.

This is generally caused by dysfunction of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord, because they carry proprioceptive information up to the brain.

A second, dorsal aorta carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body, and is homologous with the descending aorta of tetrapods.

The dorsal fin is small, visible only briefly during the dive sequence.

In all craniates except for hagfish, the dorsal hollow nerve cord is surrounded with cartilaginous or bony vertebrae and the notochord is generally reduced ; hence, hagfish are not universally regarded as vertebrates, though recent DNA comparisons suggest that they are in fact vertebrates.

But with a few striking exceptions, such as Xavante and Tahitian-which have no dorsal consonants whatsoever-nearly all other languages have at least one velar consonant: the few languages that do not have a simple usually have a consonant that is very similar.

The CNS is contained within the dorsal cavity, with the brain in the cranial cavity and the spinal cord in the spinal cavity.

The pectoral fins are movable and used in maneuvering ; the dorsal fin is fixed and contributes stability, and the tail is used for propulsion, as well as maneuvering.

Like type B, it is primarily white and medium gray, with a dark gray dorsal cape and yellow-tinged patches.

It is immediately recognizable by its extremely small white eye patch, shorter than usual dorsal fin, and bulbous head ( similar to a pilot whale ).

At about the male's dorsal fin is more than twice the size of the female's and is more of a triangular shape — a tall, elongated isosceles triangle — whereas hers is shorter and more curved.

There is no dorsal hump.

Slow pain is transmitted via slower type C fibers to laminae II and III of the dorsal horns, together known as the substantia gelatinosa.

The central analgesia system is mediated by 3 major components: the periaquaductal grey matter, the nucleus raphe magnus and the nociception inhibitory neurons within the dorsal horns of the spinal cord, which act to inhibit nociception-transmitting neurons also located in the spinal dorsal horn.

The nostrils are located on the dorsal surface of the snout, while the eyes and ears are located in a groove set just back from it ; this groove is closed when swimming.

Unlike the passive articulation, which is a continuum, there are five discrete active articulators: the lip ( labial consonants ), the flexible front of the tongue ( coronal consonants: laminal, apical, and subapical ), the middle – back of the tongue ( dorsal consonants ), the root of the tongue together with the epiglottis ( radical consonants ), and the larynx ( laryngeal consonants ).

The authors proposed that both thin ( pain ) and large diameter ( touch, pressure, vibration ) nerve fibers carry information from the site of injury to two destinations in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and that the more large fiber activity relative to thin fiber activity at the inhibitory cell, the less pain is felt.

However, movement is usually quite precise ; dorsal and anal fins aid in manoeuvring and stabilizing.

The uterus is located inside the pelvis immediately dorsal ( and usually somewhat rostral ) to the urinary bladder and ventral to the rectum.

On the other hand, the temporary reduction in hypothalamic excitability through the injection of a barbiturate into the posterior hypothalamus causes a lessening in frequency and amplitude of cortical strychnine spikes until the hypothalamic excitability is restored.

Since electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus produces the effects of wakefulness while stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus induces sleep, it may be said that the reactivity of the whole organism is altered by a change in the autonomic reactivity of the hypothalamus.

That part of the brain is called the posterior superior temporal cortex ( pSTC ).

The posterior parietal cortex is responsible for combining and expressing positional information and relating it to movement.

This is because abstract concepts elicit greater brain activity in the inferior frontal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus compared to concrete concepts when concrete concepts elicit greater activity in the posterior cingulate, precuneus, fusiform gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus.

In comparing the skulls of carnivores and herbivores, it can be seen that the shearing force of the temporalis is somewhat more important to carnivores, which have more room on the braincase ( this is not unrelated to carnivoran intelligence ) and commonly develop a sagittal crest ( running from posterior to anterior on the skull ), providing yet additional room for temporalis attachment.

It has a convex, elliptical surface and is divided into anterior and posterior lips.

Proper orientation of cilia via centriole positioning toward the posterior of embryonic node cells is critical for establishing left – right asymmetry during mammalian development.

Nonetheless, in most of the literature the stated place of the click is the anterior articulation ( called the release or influx ), while the manner is ascribed to the posterior articulation ( called the accompaniment or efflux ).

There is a close connection between machine learning and compression: a system that predicts the posterior probabilities of a sequence given its entire history can be used for optimal data compression ( by using arithmetic coding on the output distribution ), while an optimal compressor can be used for prediction ( by finding the symbol that compresses best, given the previous history ).

Expressive aphasia ( non-fluent aphasia ), also known as Broca's aphasia in clinical neuropsychology and agrammatic aphasia in cognitive neuropsychology, is caused by damage to, or developmental issues in the anterior regions of the brain, including ( but not limited to ) the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus or inferior frontal operculum known as Broca's area ( Brodmann area 44 and Brodmann area 45 ).

Among animals, fungi, and Choanozoa, which make up a group called the opisthokonts, there is a single posterior flagellum.

The superficial layer of posterior leg muscles is formed by the triceps surae and the plantaris.

The lesion involved in this syndrome is thought to be in the posterior thalamus on either side, or multiple areas of the right cerebral hemisphere.

* Brain: A small outgrowth of the ventral wall of the embryo brain from which the pars nervosa ( the posterior lobe ) of the pituitary gland develops is also called the infundibulum.

Any significant rise in plasma osmolality is detected by the hypothalamus, which communicates directly with the posterior pituitary gland.

However, the situation is not always so simple ; in cartilaginous fish and some amphibians, there is also a shorter duct, similar to the amniote ureter, which drains the posterior ( metanephric ) parts of the kidney, and joins with the archinephric duct at the bladder or cloaca.

The statistical support for each branch is 100 % bootstrap percentage and 100 % posterior probability, except where labeled, with bootstrap percentage followed by posterior probability.

Midwives are trained to handle certain more difficult deliveries, including breech births, twin births and births where the baby is in a posterior position, using non-invasive techniques.

The complexity penalty has a Bayesian interpretation as the negative log prior probability of,, in which case is the posterior probabability of.

While it is possible to define some arbitrary, ad hoc cost function, frequently a particular cost will be used, either because it has desirable properties ( such as convexity ) or because it arises naturally from a particular formulation of the problem ( e. g., in a probabilistic formulation the posterior probability of the model can be used as an inverse cost ).