Conversely the equilibrium position is said to be " far to the left " if hardly any product is formed from the reactants.

If a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium moves to partially reverse the change.

This overcomes the repulsion between the two positively charged nuclei of the two atoms, and so this overwhelming attraction holds the two nuclei in a fixed configuration of equilibrium, even though they will still vibrate at equilibrium position.

It can be shown with the methods of calculus that there is at most one solution with a > 0 and so there is at most one position of equilibrium.

In some cases where the radius of the substitutional atom ( ion ) is substantially smaller than that of the atom ( ion ) it is replacing, its equilibrium position can be shifted away from the lattice site.

A stronger position is that the Earth's biosphere effectively acts as if it is a self-organizing system which works in such a way as to keep its systems in some kind of equilibrium that is conducive to life.

In classical mechanics, a harmonic oscillator is a system that, when displaced from its equilibrium position, experiences a restoring force, F, proportional to the displacement, x:

* Decay to the equilibrium position, without oscillations ( overdamped oscillator ).

However, in moving the mass back to the equilibrium position, it has acquired momentum which keeps it moving beyond that position, establishing a new restoring force in the opposite sense.

At close range, fine control of the tip in all three dimensions when near the sample is typically piezoelectric, maintaining tip-sample separation W typically in the 4-7 Å ( 0. 4-0. 7 nm ) range, which is the equilibrium position between attractive ( 3 < W < 10Å ) and repulsive ( W < 3Å ) interactions.

But the slightest perturbation will make the pencil fall into a more stable equilibrium position.

If the system is left at rest at the equilibrium position then there is no net force acting on the mass.

However, if the mass is displaced from the equilibrium position, a restoring elastic force which obeys Hooke's law is exerted by the spring.

where F is the restoring elastic force exerted by the spring ( in SI units: N ), k is the spring constant ( N · m < sup >− 1 </ sup >), and x is the displacement from the equilibrium position ( in m ).

* When the system is displaced from its equilibrium position, a restoring force which resembles Hooke's law tends to restore the system to equilibrium.

Once the mass is displaced from its equilibrium position, it experiences a net restoring force.

As a result, it accelerates and starts going back to the equilibrium position.

When the mass moves closer to the equilibrium position, the restoring force decreases.

At the equilibrium position, the net restoring force vanishes.

In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both reactants and products are present at concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time.

For any reaction mixture to exist at equilibrium, the rates of the forward and backward ( reverse ) reactions are equal.

Equality of forward and backward reaction rates, however, is a necessary condition for chemical equilibrium, though it is not sufficient to explain why equilibrium occurs.

Despite the failure of this derivation, the equilibrium constant for a reaction is indeed a constant, independent of the activities of the various species involved, though it does depend on temperature as observed by the van't Hoff equation.

Adding a catalyst will affect both the forward reaction and the reverse reaction in the same way and will not have an effect on the equilibrium constant.

Le Chatelier's principle ( 1884 ) gives an idea of the behavior of an equilibrium system when changes to its reaction conditions occur.

For example, adding more S from the outside will cause an excess of products, and the system will try to counteract this by increasing the reverse reaction and pushing the equilibrium point backward ( though the equilibrium constant will stay the same ).

This can also be deduced from the equilibrium constant expression for the reaction:

In the catalyzed elementary reaction, catalysts do not change the extent of a reaction: they have no effect on the chemical equilibrium of a reaction because the rate of both the forward and the reverse reaction are both affected ( see also thermodynamics ).

Introducing the catalyst to the system would result in reaction to move to the new equilibrium, producing energy.

If a catalyst does change the equilibrium, then it must be consumed as the reaction proceeds, and thus it is also a reactant.

Illustrative is the base-catalysed hydrolysis of esters, where the produced carboxylic acid immediately reacts with the base catalyst and thus the reaction equilibrium is shifted towards hydrolysis.

These rates depend on the concentration and therefore change with time of the reaction: the reverse rate gradually increases and becomes equal to the rate of the forward reaction, establishing the so-called chemical equilibrium.

The reaction yield stabilized at equilibrium, but can be increased by removing the product from the reaction mixture or increasing temperature or pressure.

The reverse reaction is possible, and thus the acid / base and conjugated base / acid are always in equilibrium.

This is interesting for it combines both the thermodynamic concept of a minimum Gibbs function for equilibrium and minimum mechanical potential energy for equilibrium.

Specimens are allowed to reach moisture equilibrium with a standard atmosphere of Af and Af and then laid out without tension on a flat, polished surface, care being taken that the fabric is free from wrinkles or creases.

The equilibrium constant K is an expression of the equilibrium concentrations of the molecules or the ions in solution.

Experimentally, it is found that all spontaneous processes ( including chemical reactions ) result in a decrease in G as they proceed toward equilibrium.

This ensures that ΔG and ΔH are nearly the same over a considerable range of temperatures and justifies the approximate empirical Principle of Thomsen and Berthelot, which states that the equilibrium state to which a system proceeds is the one which evolves the greatest amount of heat, i. e. an actual process is the most exothermic one.

Although allenes often require specialized syntheses, the parent, propadiene is produced on a large scale as an equilibrium mixture with methylacetylene:

An arbitrage equilibrium is a precondition for a general economic equilibrium.

A reducing end of a carbohydrate is a carbon atom that can be in equilibrium with the open-chain aldehyde or keto form.

The beauty of his argument is that the final result does not depend upon which forces are involved in setting up the dynamic equilibrium.

Dynamic equilibrium is established because the more that particles are pulled down by gravity, the greater is the tendency for the particles to migrate to regions of lower concentration.

It had been pointed out previously by J. J. Thomson in his series of lectures at Yale University in May 1903 that the dynamic equilibrium between the velocity generated by a concentration gradient given by Fick's law and the velocity due to the variation of the partial pressure caused when ions are set in motion " gives us a method of determining Avogadro's Constant which is independent of any hypothesis as to the shape or size of molecules, or of the way in which they act upon each other ".

The force due to surrounding water is known to be normal to the surface of the water because a liquid in equilibrium cannot support shear stresses.

That is, equilibrium is attained.

If rotation is arrested, the energy stored in fashioning the concave surface must be dissipated, for example through friction, before an equilibrium flat surface is restored.

This process is called dynamic equilibrium.

A burette, an apparatus for carrying out e. g. acid-base titration, is an important part of equilibrium chemistry.