Argon was used as a blowing gas to exclude any effects of dissociation or chemical reaction.

Spoilage by chemical action results from the reaction of one group of components in the food with others or with its environment, as in corrosion of the walls of metal containers or the reaction of fats with oxygen in the air to produce rancidity.

He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis, and predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov – Zhabotinsky reaction, which were first observed in the 1960s.

Antibacterials such as metronidazole, tinidazole, cephamandole, latamoxef, cefoperazone, cefmenoxime, and furazolidone, cause a disulfiram-like chemical reaction with alcohol by inhibiting its breakdown by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which may result in vomiting, nausea, and shortness of breath.

He carefully weighed the reactants and products in a chemical reaction, which was a crucial step in the advancement of chemistry.

He showed that, although matter can change its state in a chemical reaction, the total mass of matter is the same at the end as at the beginning of every chemical change.

The copper does not react, functioning as an electrode for the chemical reaction.

* Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation, a type of organic chemical reaction

One-part adhesives harden via a chemical reaction with an external energy source, such as radiation, heat, and moisture.

A chemical reaction between the carbonate and hydrochloric acid may produce carbon dioxide gas.

Only a proper, artist-grade acrylic gesso should be used to prime canvas in preparation for painting with acrylic ( however acrylic paint can be applied to raw canvas if so desired without any negative effect or chemical reaction as would be the case with oils ).

An acid – base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base.

Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons or hydrogen from a substance to an oxidizing agent.

As an alternative means of producing long-lived bohrium isotopes suitable for a chemical study, the synthesis of < sup > 267 </ sup > Bh and < sup > 266 </ sup > Bh were attempted in 1995 by the team at GSI using the highly asymmetric reaction using an einsteinium-254 target.

When heat and pressure are applied to the layers, a chemical reaction ( polymerization ) transforms the layers into a high-pressure thermosetting industrial laminated plastic.

A chemical reaction is a transformation of some substances into one or more different substances.

The number of atoms on the left and the right in the equation for a chemical transformation is equal ( when unequal, the transformation by definition is not chemical, but rather a nuclear reaction or radioactive decay ).

According to Brønsted – Lowry acid-base theory, acids are substances that donate a positive hydrogen ion to another substance in a chemical reaction ; by extension, a base is the substance which receives that hydrogen ion.

Experimentally, it is found that all spontaneous processes ( including chemical reactions ) result in a decrease in G as they proceed toward equilibrium.

The concept of chemical equilibrium was developed after Berthollet ( 1803 ) found that some chemical reactions are reversible.

In the following chemical equation with arrows pointing both ways to indicate equilibrium, A and B are reactant chemical species, S and T are product species, and α, β, σ, and τ are the stoichiometric coefficients of the respective reactants and products:

Equality of forward and backward reaction rates, however, is a necessary condition for chemical equilibrium, though it is not sufficient to explain why equilibrium occurs.

In the catalyzed elementary reaction, catalysts do not change the extent of a reaction: they have no effect on the chemical equilibrium of a reaction because the rate of both the forward and the reverse reaction are both affected ( see also thermodynamics ).

In these papers, Gibbs showed how the first two laws of thermodynamics could be measured graphically and mathematically to determine both the thermodynamic equilibrium of chemical reactions as well as their tendencies to occur or proceed.

In most cases of interest in chemical thermodynamics there are internal degrees of freedom and processes, such as chemical reactions and phase transitions, which always create entropy unless they are at equilibrium, or are maintained at a " running equilibrium " through " quasi-static " changes by being coupled to constraining devices, such as pistons or electrodes, to deliver and receive external work.

Non-spontaneous reactions run so slowly that they are considered to require the input of some type of additional energy ( such as extra heat, light or electricity ) in order to proceed to completion ( chemical equilibrium ) at human time scales.

These rates depend on the concentration and therefore change with time of the reaction: the reverse rate gradually increases and becomes equal to the rate of the forward reaction, establishing the so-called chemical equilibrium.

Ilya Prigogine summarized the concept of affinity, saying, " All chemical reactions drive the system to a state of equilibrium in which the affinities of the reactions vanish.

Berthollet was one of the first chemists to recognize the characteristics of a reverse reaction, and hence, chemical equilibrium.

Because chemical diffusion is a net transport process, the system in which it takes place is not an equilibrium system ( i. e. it is not at rest yet ).

When a particular substance, whether chemical or biotic — reaches unsafe levels in the bloodstream, the body can effectively dilute — or at least maintain equilibrium of — the offending substances by storing it in new fat tissue.

However, the atmosphere was found to be in a stable condition close to its chemical equilibrium, with very little oxygen, methane, or hydrogen, but with an overwhelming abundance of carbon dioxide.

It was pointed out by Ostwald that like chemical equilibrium, law of mass action can be applied to such systems also.

For example, chemical equilibrium, and colloids.

Automobile exhaust gas capture has also been proposed to be economical but would require extensive design changes or retrofitting .< ref name = Musadi2011 > Since carbonic acid in seawater is in chemical equilibrium with atmospheric carbon dioxide, extraction of carbon from seawater has been studied.

The drug's chemical name is listed, since most states require feed processors to use this name instead of the trade name on the feed tag.

In some instances, the trade name is shown in parentheses following the chemical name.

Even here there is room for some variation, for metal surfaces vary in smoothness, absorptive capacity, and chemical reactivity.

As is well known, detergent actives belong to the chemical class consisting of moderately high molecular weight and highly polar molecules which exhibit the property of forming micelles in solution.

On chemical grounds it seems most likely that iodide is first converted to Af and then to Af as the active iodinating species.

The chemical nature of the iodocompounds is discussed below ( pp. 76 et seq. ).

It is therefore necessary to consider the properties of pituitary TSH if the fragmentary chemical information about blood TSH is to be discussed rationally.

The importance of knowing in what chemical forms the hormone may exist is accentuated by the recent observation that there exists an abnormally long-acting TSH in blood drawn from many thyrotoxic patients ( Adams, 1958 ).

Whether this abnormal TSH differs chemically from pituitary TSH, or is, alternatively, normal TSH with its period of effectiveness modified by some other blood constituent, cannot be decided without chemical study of the activity in the blood of these patients and a comparison of the substance responsible for the blood activity with pituitary Aj.

The aim is to collect a very broad range of physical, chemical, morphological, and structural data for crystals on an encyclopedic scale and to seek all possible useful and revealing correlations of properties with internal structure.

The process in which the outcome of any one stage is known only statistically is also of interest, although for chemical reactor design it is not as important as the deterministic process.

It is a popular belief that alchemists made contributions to the " chemical " industries of the day — ore testing and refining, metalworking, production of gunpowder, ink, dyes, paints, cosmetics, leather tanning, ceramics, glass manufacture, preparation of extracts, liquors, and so on ( it seems that the preparation of aqua vitae, the " water of life ", was a fairly popular " experiment " among European alchemists ).

Experiments have been conducted to attempt the synthesis of ununennium ( Uue ), which is likely to be the next member of the group, but they have all met with failure .< ref name =" link "> However, ununennium may not be an alkali metal due to relativistic effects, which are predicted to have a large influence on the chemical properties of superheavy elements.

Each element has a specific set of chemical properties as a consequence of the number of electrons present in the neutral atom, which is Z ( the atomic number ).

The number of electrons in each element's electron shells, particularly the outermost valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior.

Hence it is the atomic number alone that determines the chemical properties of an element ; and it is for this reason that an element can be defined as consisting of any mixture of atoms with a given atomic number.

Argon ( ) is a chemical element with symbol Ar and atomic number 18.

The name " argon " is derived from the Greek word αργον meaning " lazy " or " the inactive one ", a reference to the fact that the element undergoes almost no chemical reactions.

Arsenic ( ) is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33.

Antimony ( or ; ) is a toxic chemical element with symbol Sb and atomic number 51.

Actinium ( ) is a radioactive chemical element with symbol Ac and atomic number 89, which was discovered in 1899.