The Pearl Index is sometimes used as a statistical estimation of the number of unintended pregnancies in 100 woman-years of exposure ( e. g. 100 women over one year of use, or 10 women over 10 years ).

By Morpheus's estimation, then, of there being an approximate 200 year difference between the era in the Matrix and the era of the real world, with the knowledge that Neo's time is actually the 6th incarnation of the Matrix ( and an estimated 200 years or so for each incarnation ), that could potentially mean the year in the real world is closer to the year 3399.

A benefit of dendrochronology is that it makes available specimens of once-living material accurately dated to a specific year to be used as a calibration and check of radiocarbon dating, through the estimation of a date range formed through the interception of radiocarbon ( B. P., or < nowiki >'</ nowiki > B < nowiki >'</ nowiki > efore < nowiki >'</ nowiki > P < nowiki >'</ nowiki > resent, where present equals 1950-01-01 ) and calendar years.

He stated that they had, around 330 BC, an estimation for the length of the sidereal year to be S

Plutarch, who had the works of Cato before him, but was careless in dates, did not observe that the estimation of Livy would take back Cato's 17th year to 222, when there was not a Carthaginian in Italy, whereas the computation of Cicero would make the truth of Cato's statement in harmony with the date of Hannibal's first invasion.

Two independent approaches have been used to estimate the year of the birth of Jesus, one by analyzing the Nativity accounts in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew along with other historical data, the other by working backwards from the estimation of the start of the ministry of Jesus.

Similarly to his friend Poirot, Hastings ' life and background before 1916 are pure estimation though the reader is able to pinpoint Hastings ' approximate birth year as 1886 as he mentions that John Cavendish was ' a good fifteen years senior ' though hardly looking ' his forty-five years ' in the first chapter of The Mysterious Affair at Styles.

When the Portuguese Socialist Party won the elections it produced an estimation that by the end of the year the budget deficit would reach 6. 1 %, which it used to criticise Barroso's and Santana Lopes's economic policies.

Yet, for all his photographic activity, Callahan, at his own estimation, produced no more than half a dozen final images a year.

900, 000 visitors ( estimation by the promoter ) make their way to the town of 2, 000 people every year, both from Serbia and abroad.

Panse ( 1954 p27 ) points out that experience shows that ' eye estimation makes for a general toning down of fluctuations ' which would help explain why the degree of shortfall was not appreciated .</</ ref > This rules out analysis based on the level of the production forecast and, in particular, on year to year differences in production forecasts.

Human mitochondrial DNA has been estimated to have mutation rates of ~ 3 × or ~ 2. 7 × 10 < sup >− 5 </ sup > per base per 20 year generation ( depending on the method of estimation ); these rates are considered to be significantly higher than rates of human genomic mutation at ~ 2. 5 × 10 < sup >− 8 </ sup > per base per generation.

A Flemish harpsichord after the Ruckers school, decorated with faux iron strapwork and jewels. When constructing an instrument, a number was written on the case and many of the parts of the action, along with a serial number depending on the model ; this has allowed much more knowledge to be acquired about undated instruments and an estimation of the rate of production, which has been calculated to be as high as 35 to 40 instruments per year.

The estimation of the date of the conversion of Paul places the death of Jesus before this conversion, which is estimated at around AD 33-36.

The notion of “ best possible ” relies upon the choice of a particular loss function — the function which quantifies the relative degree of undesirability of estimation errors of different magnitudes.

( Robert Chiang, J. B. Jackson, P. J. Flory ) Carefully executed melting studies on this system ( M. J. Richardson ) permit quantitative estimation of the instability engendered by reduced crystallite length.

Nevertheless, in spite of Rutherford's estimation that gold had a central charge of about 100 ( but was element Z = 79 on the periodic table ), a month after Rutherford's paper appeared, Antonius van den Broek first formally suggested that the central charge and number of electrons in an atom was exactly equal to its place in the periodic table ( also known as element number, atomic number, and symbolized Z ).

Graph of cosmic microwave background spectrum measured by the FIRAS instrument on the Cosmic Background Explorer | COBE, the most-precisely measured black body spectrum in nature, the standard error of estimation | error bars are too small to be seen even in enlarged image, and it is impossible to distinguish the observed data from the theoretical curve

There remains disagreement about the importance of the ability to perform calculations " in the head ", with some curricula restricting calculator use until a certain level of proficiency has been obtained, while others concentrate more on teaching estimation techniques and problem-solving.

Note that the error, e, depends not only on the estimator ( the estimation formula or procedure ), but on the sample.

If the researcher could randomly assign people to different levels of education, the data set thus generated would allow estimation of the effect of changes in years of education on wages.

Given that estimation is undertaken on the basis of a least squares analysis, estimates of the unknown parameters β < sub > j </ sub > are determined by minimising a sum of squares function

Much like the use of probability in optimal coding theory, rate-distortion theory heavily draws on Bayesian estimation and decision theory in order to model perceptual distortion and even aesthetic judgment.

This identifies, early on, whether further investment in estimation and engineering studies is warranted and identifies key risks and areas for further work.

This identifies, early on, whether further investment in estimation and engineering studies is warranted and identifies key risks and areas for further work.

The user determines the location of the decimal point in the result, based on mental estimation.

" Typically, data on exogenous variables ( that is, variables other than price and quantity, both of which are endogenous variables ) are needed to perform such an estimation.

An alternative to " structural estimation " is reduced-form estimation, which regresses each of the endogenous variables on the respective exogenous variables.

It would be absurd that while, in estimating all other things, quality is considered as well as quantity, the estimation of pleasures should be supposed to depend on quantity alone .”

An observer ’ s notion of what is ordered, what is random, and what is complex in its environment depends directly on its computational resources: the amount of raw measurement data, of memory, and of time available for estimation and inference.

In physics or everyday discussion, distance may refer to a physical length, or an estimation based on other criteria ( e. g. " two counties over ").

Lawrence Krauss and Glenn D. Starkman announced an ultimate limit of around 600 years in their paper, based on rigorous estimation of total information-processing capacity of any system in the Universe.

He continued to use it on his studio albums until his death in 1993, culminating in the posthumous release of his magnum opus Civilization, Phaze III ( by Zappa's estimation, 70 % of this two-hour work is exclusively Synclavier.

This calculation he proposed to the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg ( Санкт Петербург ) in the booklet V. razprava ( The fifth discussion ), where he had found with his calculating method an error on the 113th place from the estimation of Thomas Fantet de Lagny ( 1660 – 1734 ) from 1719 of 127 places.

With respect to the estimation of spending for the executive branch, the BRD serves a purpose parallel to that of the Congressional Budget Office for the estimation of spending for Congress, the Department of the Treasury for the estimation of revenues for the executive branch, and the Joint Committee on Taxation for the estimation of revenues for Congress.

It can refer to estimation of time series, cross-sectional or longitudinal data.

Both can refer to estimation of time series, cross-sectional or longitudinal data.

The Kalman filter, also known as linear quadratic estimation ( LQE ), is an algorithm which uses a series of measurements observed over time, containing noise ( random variations ) and other inaccuracies, and produces estimates of unknown variables that tend to be more precise than those that would be based on a single measurement alone.

When a series of measurements of a process are treated as a time series, trend estimation can be used to make and justify statements about tendencies in the data.

* Taylor series linearization ( generalized estimation equations for regression models )

However, since mRMR turned a combinatorial problem as a series of much smaller scale problems, each of which only involves two variables, the estimation of joint probabilities is much more robust.

) In the unbroadcast version of the episode " The Chimes of Big Ben ", Number Six constructs a device that allows him to work out the Village's location ; this scene was cut presumably to remove the reference to navigation by stars which would have allowed an estimation of the Village's region, at the least, thereby undermining the storyline of the episode ( if not a key element in the entire series ).

In the 1960s various papers dealt with the estimation of FC, PWP, and AWC, notably in a series of papers by Salter and Williams ( 1965 etc .).